Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a very common type of "incurable" malignant brain tumor. Although many treatment options are currently available, most of them eventually fail due to its recurrence. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) emerges as an alternative noninvasive therapeutic treatment modality. The major challenge in treating GBMs using BNCT is to achieve selective imaging, targeting, and sufficient accumulation of boron-containing drug at the tumor site so that effective destruction of tumor cells can be achieved without harming the normal brain cells. To tackle this challenge, this study demonstrates for the first time that an unprecedented B-enriched (96% B enrichment) boron nanoparticle nanomedicine ( BSGRF NPs) surface-modified with a Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled RGD-K peptide can pass through the brain blood barrier, selectively target at GBM brain tumor sites, and deliver high therapeutic dosage (50.5 µg B g cells) of boron atoms to tumor cells with a good tumor-to-blood boron ratio of 2.8. The BSGRF NPs not only can enhance the contrast of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to help diagnose the location/size/progress of brain tumor, but also effectively suppress murine brain tumors via MR imaging-guided BNCT, prolonging the half-life of mice from 22 d (untreated group) to 39 d.
Bone mass is maintained by the balance between osteoclast-induced bone resorption and osteoblast-triggered bone formation. In inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), however, increased osteoclast differentiation and activity skew this balance resulting in progressive bone loss. O-GlcNAcylation is a posttranslational modification with attachment of a single O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) residue to serine or threonine residues of target proteins. Although O-GlcNAcylation is one of the most common protein modifications, its role in bone homeostasis has not been systematically investigated. We demonstrate that dynamic changes in O-GlcNAcylation are required for osteoclastogenesis. Increased O-GlcNAcylation promotes osteoclast differentiation during the early stages, whereas its downregulation is required for osteoclast maturation. At the molecular level, O-GlcNAcylation affects several pathways including oxidative phosphorylation and cell-cell fusion. TNFα fosters the dynamic regulation of O-GlcNAcylation to promote osteoclastogenesis in inflammatory arthritis. Targeted pharmaceutical or genetic inhibition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) arrests osteoclast differentiation during early stages of differentiation and during later maturation, respectively, and ameliorates bone loss in experimental arthritis. Knockdown of NUP153, an O-GlcNAcylation target, has similar effects as OGT inhibition and inhibits osteoclastogenesis. These findings highlight an important role of O-GlcNAcylation in osteoclastogenesis and may offer the potential to therapeutically interfere with pathologic bone resorption.
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