Due to their high ionic conductivity and adeciduate mechanical features for lamination, sulfide composites have received increasing attention as solid electrolyte in all-solid-state batteries. Their smaller electronegativity and binding energy to Li ions and bigger atomic radius provide high ionic conductivity and make them attractive for practical applications. In recent years, noticeable efforts have been made to develop high-performance sulfide solid-state electrolytes. However, sulfide solid-state electrolytes still face numerous challenges including: 1) the need for a higher stability voltage window, 2) a better electrode-electrolyte interface and air stability, and 3) a cost-effective approach for large-scale manufacturing. Herein, a comprehensive update on the properties (structural and chemical), synthesis of sulfide solid-state electrolytes, and the development of sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries is provided, including electrochemical and chemical stability, interface stabilization, and their applications in high performance and safe energy storage.

We conducted a comprehensive analysis of a manually curated human signaling network containing 1634 nodes and 5089 signaling regulatory relations by integrating cancer-associated genetically and epigenetically altered genes. We find that cancer mutated genes are enriched in positive signaling regulatory loops, whereas the cancer-associated methylated genes are enriched in negative signaling regulatory loops. We further characterized an overall picture of the cancersignaling architectural and functional organization. From the network, we extracted an oncogenesignaling map, which contains 326 nodes, 892 links and the interconnections of mutated and methylated genes. The map can be decomposed into 12 topological regions or oncogene-signaling blocks, including a few 'oncogene-signaling-dependent blocks' in which frequently used oncogenesignaling events are enriched. One such block, in which the genes are highly mutated and methylated, appears in most tumors and thus plays a central role in cancer signaling. Functional collaborations between two oncogene-signaling-dependent blocks occur in most tumors, although breast and lung tumors exhibit more complex collaborative patterns between multiple blocks than other cancer types. Benchmarking two data sets derived from systematic screening of mutations in tumors further reinforced our findings that, although the mutations are tremendously diverse and complex at the gene level, clear patterns of oncogene-signaling collaborations emerge recurrently at the network level. Finally, the mutated genes in the network could be used to discover novel cancerassociated genes and biomarkers.

Batteries constructed via 3D printing technique have inherent advantages including the opportunities for miniaturization, autonomous shaping, and controllable structural prototyping. However, 3D printed lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have not yet been reported due to the difficulties of printing lithium (Li) metal. Here, for the first time, we fabricated high-performance LMBs by a 3D printing technique using cellulose nanofiber (CNF), which is one of the most earth abundant biopolymers. The unique shear thinning property of the CNF gel enables the printing of the LiFePO 4 electrode and stable scaffold for Li. The printability of the CNF gel was also investigated theoretically. Moreover, the porous structure of CNF scaffold was also beneficial for improving ion-accessibility and decreasing the local current density of Li anode. Thus dendrite formation due to uneven Li plating/stripping was suppressed. Multi-scale computational approach integrating first-principle density function This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.2 theory (DFT) and phase-field model (PFM) was performed to reveal the porous structure have more uniform Li deposition. Consequently, full cell built with 3D printed Li anode and LiFePO 4 cathode exhibits a high capacity of 80 mA h g -1 at a charge/discharge rate of 10 C with capacity retention of 85% even after 3000 cycles.

by the large volume change and the poor intrinsic conductivity with a direct bandgap of ≈1.9 eV significantly inhibits the further applications of 2H MoS 2 on lithium-ion batteries. [8,9] One of the best and typical strategies to ameliorate the structural stability and electrical conductivity of MoS 2 based anode is to fabricate hybrid 2H MoS 2 nanocomposites with conductive carbonaceous materials, such as carbon fibers, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. These hybrid MoS 2 -carbon nano composites (MCNs) could deliver a decent capacity of ≈900 mA h g −1 at 1 A g −1 current density on lithium-ion batteries for 100 cycles. [2,10,11] Unfortunately, this strategy also induces new constraints to the MCNs' applications on lithium-ion batteries, such as reducing the mass loading of MoS 2 , consuming more electrolytes, raising the electrode cost, and increasing the reaction barrier between lithium-ion and MoS 2 . [12] Even though carbon source can improve the conductivity of the electrode, the intrinsic insulating property of 2H MoS 2 remains unchanged, which will significantly limit its rate performance and impede the utilization of the active MoS 2 . Recently, the metastable metallic phase (1T or 1T′) MoS 2 has emerged with promising potential on lithium-ion storage field. As reported, [8,[13][14][15] benefited from its different Mo and S atom coordination of octahedral structure with dense intercalation sites, metallic phase MoS 2 owns five orders of magnitude higher electrical conductivity than that of 2H MoS 2 . This high intrinsic conductivity will be beneficial for the performance of metallic MoS 2 electrode in the following two aspects. On one hand, pure metallic MoS 2 can be directly applied as an anode electrode on lithium-ion batteries without adding any conductive carbon sources, which would facilitate the electrochemical storage fundamental mechanism studying of metallic MoS 2 . On the other hand, the utilization of active MoS 2 can also be maximized, and the lithium-ion charge/discharge capacity could be tremendously enhanced at high current density, therefore intensely improves the rate performance as well as the reversible capacity of metallic MoS 2 as an anode electrode. However, the conventional preparation methods of metallic MoS 2 by alkali metal intercalation and exfoliation are complicated, unstable, and dangerous. [13] Recent reports provided several new strategies to prepare metallic MoS 2 by solvothermal method, [9,16,17] which stabilized the metallic MoS 2 by interlayer Metallic phase molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) is well known for orders of magnitude higher conductivity than 2H semiconducting phase MoS 2 . Herein, for the first time, the authors design and fabricate a novel porous nanotube assembled with vertically aligned metallic MoS 2 nanosheets by using the scalable solvothermal method. This metallic nanotube has the following advantages: (i) intrinsic high electrical conductivity that promotes the rate performance of battery and eliminates the using of conductive additive; (ii) hierarchical, ...

Metallic phase 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS ) is an emerging class of materials with remarkably higher electrical conductivity and catalytic activities. The goal of this study is to review the atomic structures and electrochemistry of metallic MoS , which is essential for a wide range of existing and new enabling technologies. The scope of this paper ranges from the atomic structure, band structure, electrical and optical properties to fabrication methods, and major emerging applications in electrochemical energy storage and energy conversion. This paper also thoroughly covers the atomic structure-properties-application relationships of metallic MoS . Understanding the fundamental properties of these structures is crucial for designing and manufacturing products for emerging applications. Today, a more holistic understanding of the interplay between the structure, chemistry, and performance of metallic MoS is advancing actual applications of this material. This new level of understanding also enables a myriad of new and exciting applications, which motivated this review. There are excellent reviews already on the traditional semiconducting MoS , and this review, for the first time, focuses on the uniqueness of conducting metallic MoS for energy applications and offers brand new materials for clean energy application.

BackgroundPaddy soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents a major hotspot for soil biogeochemistry, yet we know little about its chemodiversity let alone the microbial community that shapes it. Here, we leveraged ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, amplicon, and metagenomic sequencing to characterize the molecular distribution of DOM and the taxonomic and functional microbial diversity in paddy soils across China. We hypothesized that variances in microbial community significantly associate with changes in soil DOM molecular composition.ResultsWe report that both microbial and DOM profiles revealed geographic patterns that were associated with variation in mean monthly precipitation, mean annual temperature, and pH. DOM molecular diversity was significantly correlated with microbial taxonomic diversity. An increase in DOM molecules categorized as peptides, carbohydrates, and unsaturated aliphatics, and a decrease in those belonging to polyphenolics and polycyclic aromatics, significantly correlated with proportional changes in some of the microbial taxa, such as Syntrophobacterales, Thermoleophilia, Geobacter, Spirochaeta, Gaiella, and Defluviicoccus. DOM composition was also associated with the relative abundances of the microbial metabolic pathways, such as anaerobic carbon fixation, glycolysis, lignolysis, fermentation, and methanogenesis.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates the continental-scale distribution of DOM is significantly correlated with the taxonomic profile and metabolic potential of the rice paddy microbiome. Abiotic factors that have a distinct effect on community structure can also influence the chemodiversity of DOM and vice versa. Deciphering these associations and the underlying mechanisms can precipitate understanding of the complex ecology of paddy soils, as well as help assess the effects of human activities on biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions in paddy soils.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40168-018-0561-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Lithium (Li) metal anodes have attracted much interest recently for high-energy battery applications. However, low coulombic efficiency, infinite volume change, and severe dendrite formation limit their reliable implementation over a wide range. Here, an outstanding stability for a Li metal anode is revealed by designing a highly porous and hollow Li foam. This unique structure is capable of tackling many Li metal problems simultaneously: first, it assures uniform electrolyte distribution over the inner and outer electrode's surface; second, it reduces the local current density by providing a larger electroactive surface area; third, it can accommodate volume expansion and dissipate heat efficiently. Moreover, the structure shows superior stability compared to fully Li covered foam with low porosity, and bulky Li foil electrode counterparts. This Li foam exhibits small overpotential (≈25 mV at 4 mA cm ) and high cycling stability for 160 cycles at 4 mA cm . Furthermore, when assembled, the porous Li metal as the anode with LiFePO as the cathode for a full cell, the battery has a high-rate performance of 138 mAh g at 0.2 C. The beneficial structure of the Li hollow foam is further studied through density functional theory simulations, which confirms that the porous structure has better charge mobility and more uniform Li deposition.

Blueberries possess abundant anthocyanins, which benefit eye health. The purpose of this study was to explore the protective functional role of blueberry anthocyanin extract (BAE) and its predominant constituents, malvidin (Mv), malvidin-3-glucoside (Mv-3-glc), and malvidin-3-galactoside (Mv-3-gal), on high glucose- (HG-) induced injury in human retinal capillary endothelial cells (HRCECs). The results showed that BAE, Mv, Mv-3-glc, and Mv-3-gal enhanced cell viability (P < 0.05 versus the HG group at 24 h); decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS, P < 0.01 versus the HG group both at 24 and 48 h); and increased the enzyme activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P < 0.05 versus the HG group both at 24 and 48 h). Mv could greatly inhibit HG-induced Nox4 expression both at 24 and 48 h (P < 0.05), while BAE and Mv-3-gal downregulated Nox4 only at 48 h (P < 0.05). Mv, Mv-3-glc, and Mv-3-gal also changed nitric oxide (NO) levels (P < 0.05). BAE and Mv-3-glc also influenced angiogenesis by decreasing the vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) level and inhibiting Akt pathway (P < 0.05). Moreover, Mv and Mv-3-glc inhibited HG-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, P < 0.001) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) (P < 0.05). It indicated that blueberry anthocyanins protected HRCECs via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, which could be promising molecules for the development of nutraceuticals to prevent diabetic retinopathy.