The extension from centimeter wave frequencies to millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies has triggered an enormous transformation in terms of radio access architecture for future wireless networks, and it has therefore empowered unlimited opportunities for the user-oriented services and applications. Besides mmWave as a driving element, beamforming (BF) will be incorporated as a key enabling technology for the future wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a positioning-aided beamforming (PA-BF) framework for enhanced downlink communications in a cloud-oriented mmWave mobile networks. We show that the proposed PA-BF achieves a higher effective transmit ratio that is equivalent to a lower initial access latency than the conventional codebook-based BF, which in turn manifests its capability to support high-velocity mobile users. We also analyze the impact of positioning accuracies on the performance of PA-BF and discuss the trade-offs between different BF strategies with varied system parameters. Our simulation results demonstrate that, with a narrow beam phased array and reasonably good positioning accuracy, the PA-BF framework is capable of achieving higher spectral efficiency than the considered codebook-based BF especially at higher velocities. INDEX TERMS Exhaustive beamforming, millimeter wave mobile networks, positioning-aided beamforming, positioning-aided communications.
Renewable energy plays a significant role in the world for obvious environmental and economic reasons with respect to the increasing energy crisis and fossil fuel environmental problems. Biomass energy, one of the most promising renewable energy technologies, has drawn increasing attention in recent years. However, biomass technologies still vary without an integrated framework. Considering the theory of a technological paradigm and implementing a literature analysis, biomass technological development was found to follow a three-stage technological paradigm, which can be divided into: BETP (biomass energy technological paradigm) competition, BETP diffusion, and BETP shift. Further, the literature review indicates that waste, like municipal solid waste (MSW), has the potential to be an important future trend in the world and waste-to-energy (WTE) is designed for sustainable waste management. Among WTE, anaerobic digestion has the potential to produce energy from waste sustainably, safely, and cost-effectively. The new BETP technological framework proposed in this paper may offer new research ideas and provide a significant reference for scholars.
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