Microalgae, a group of photosynthetic microorganisms rich in diverse and novel bioactive metabolites, have been explored for the production of biofuels, high value-added compounds as food and feeds, and pharmaceutical chemicals as agents with therapeutic benefits. This article reviews the development of omics resources and genetic engineering techniques including gene transformation methodologies, mutagenesis, and genome-editing tools in microalgae biorefinery and wastewater treatment (WWT).The introduction of these enlisted techniques has simplified the understanding of complex metabolic pathways undergoing microalgal cells. The multiomics approach of the integrated omics datasets, big data analysis, and machine learning for the discovery of objective traits and genes responsible for metabolic pathways was reviewed. Recent advances and limitations of multiomics analysis and genetic bioengineering technology to facilitate the improvement of microalgae as the dual role of WWT and biorefinery feedstock production are discussed.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signal in the modulation of acclamatory responses to stress in plants. Here, the metabolic shift of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to sub-lethal NO stress was approached by exposure to 0.1 mM S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a NO donor, in the presence or the absence of the NO scavenger, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO). NO did not cause growth impairment but induced a decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels and redox state. NO upregulated the expression of glutathione-associated genes, glutathione synthetase (GSH1), and glutathione reductase (GSHR1) genes while it decreased that of the proteins associated with ER stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, the expression of NADPH oxidase isoform, respiratory burst oxygenase-like 2 (RBOL2), instead of RBOL1 increased under NO stress. NO-induced upregulation of GSH1 and GSHR1 upregulation and the downregulation of most UPR genes were not found in rbol2 mutant. The presence of cPTIO suppressed the NO-induced changes in GSH availability, UPR, and RBOL expression. Overall, NADPH oxidase (RBOL2)-dependent and -independent signaling pathways involve in the inhibition of UPR and the enhancement of GSH availability by NO.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.