A method of levulinic acid production from bagasse and paddy straw is presented. Biomass waste was mixed with hydrochloride acid and water, and then liquefied at about 2008C in a pressurized reactor. Both the mass of the biomass and the amount of hydrochloride acid were kept as constants, and the effects of temperature, reaction time, and acid concentration on the levulinic acid yield were studied. It was found that the yield of levulinic acid was maximum when the reaction temperature was carried out for 45 min at 2208C using 4.45% concentration of hydrochloride acid, and the maximum yields of levulinic acid were 22.8 and 23.7% for bagasse and paddy straw, respectively. The products were analyzed using NMR, HPLC, and GC/MS.
We investigate the entanglement dynamics of two space-separated atoms, one of them in Jaynes-Cummings cavity and the other isolated completely. We show analytically that initial entanglement has an interesting subsequent time evolution and transfer, including the so-called sudden death effect. A little inconsistency of concurrence and negativity is indicated qualitatively to measure the two-qubit states.
Recent
advances in the development of two-dimensional (2D) materials have
stimulated people’s interest and enthusiasm to discover new
kinds of 2D functional materials. In this paper, we propose a novel
2D layered semiconductor KAgSe using the first-principles calculation
method, which displays excellent photovoltaic properties with proper
direct band gap and significant carrier mobility. By evaluating the
cohesive energy, vibrational phonon spectrum, and temporal evolution
of the total energy at a high temperature of 500 K, the KAgSe monolayer
is proved to be stable. Finite cleavage energy comparable to that
of black phosphorus implies the feasibility of mechanical exfoliation
of a KAgSe monolayer from the bulk. Layered KAgSe shows a ∼1.5
eV direct band gap, which is roughly independent of the number of
layers. Remarkable optical absorption coefficients in the visible
light region and significant carrier mobilities reveal a favorable
application prospect of layered KAgSe in photovoltaic devices. Especially,
the layer-independent optical absorption provides enormous convenience
and less difficulty in experimental fabrication of photoelectronic
devices which are based on finite layer KAgSe. To further explore
the photovoltaic behaviors, the polarization angle-related photocurrent
is evaluated for the KAgSe monolayer-based nanodevice by irradiating
a beam of linearly polarized light to the scattering region. Moreover,
large photon responsivity and external quantum efficiency are also
obtained for the KAgSe monolayer.
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