The necessity of effective counteraction to the existing hybrid threats is substantiated. It presupposes the necessity of improvement and modernization of the foreign policy of the state. The importance of Ukraine’s active participation in the UN and the use of its potential in the face of external aggression are emphasized. It is mentioned in almost all key state documents in the field of foreign policy and defense. The purpose of the study is to identify the main achievements and shortcomings in the activities of foreign policy authorities of Ukraine to implement public policy in a hybrid war at the UN and international courts in the period 2014-2020. The activity of Ukrainian delegations in the UN General Assembly, UN Security Council, UN International Court of Justice, UN International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Permanent Court of Arbitration, International Criminal Court, European Court of Human Rights on protection of national sovereignty is considered and analyzed, rights and freedoms of citizens of Ukraine in the conditions of hybrid aggression of the Russian Federation. The effectiveness of the tactics of appealing to international courts to use the mechanism of temporary measures as a means of stopping violations of human rights and freedoms and crimes against humanity, defining the jurisdiction of the defendant. The activity of the Ukrainian delegations to the UN, the adoption of UN GA resolutions on Ukraine, the possible options for overcoming the veto mechanism in the UN Security Council are analyzed. It was found that the Government of Ukraine gradually developed a systematic approach to combating hybrid aggression in the foreign policy sphere, which was characterized by the coordination of actions of various agencies in the international arena. The implementation of the government’s human rights project “Legal Confrontation of Ukraine against the Russian Federation” has a special legitimizing significance of its actions.
The legitimation aspects of elections and referendums under conditions of a global pandemic are considered. Their compliance with the legitimacy criteria aimed to ensure the quality of legitimacy and democracy of the newly formed authorities and overall political agenda are analysed. Cases of abuse of the electoral process and violation of the rights and freedoms of voters have been studied, in particular due to violations of the right to health by ignoring medical and epidemiological recommendations. Significant legitimation problems were determined in respect of trust decrease for both the electoral or referendum processes: absence of a regulatory framework for postponing and delaying of elections due to pandemic conditions is a commonplace amongst countries, their conduction with significant restrictions on suffrage; urgent adoption or addition of the legal basis that took place without involving civil society to a proper discussion; government decision-making was on the verge of balancing constitutional rights: on elections and referendums and on health; respective supervision was possible only at the national level, but only in the dedicated areas, at the international – only in moderately safe areas; it was pointed out for the need on moving to new innovative forms of voters’ registration and accountancy, candidates check, voting, and observation; in countries with authoritarian regimes, the conflict tension has increased as a result of abusing by the government of the emergency state to strengthen its position, to pressure on the opposition and media, etc. It was concluded that the pandemic highlighted existing problems in legal ground, respectively resulting in reducing of community trust level to processes of holding elections and referenda, still on the other hand – has contributed to the improvement of existing legislation and set out the task of developing new rules on addressing new challenges and emergencies: infectious, economic, climate, radiation and others, and, therefore, to ensure proper administration, financing, observation and control of elections and referendums for their legitimacy and democracy.
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