The article describes the global coal market as the ratio of demand and supply depending on the development of energy technologies in the historical section. The continental specificity of coal mining is given. The basic world exporters and importers of coal and their role in the sale of energy fuels are analyzed. The key coal producing countries are China, India, the USA, and Australia. The largest consumers of coal products are China, India, Japan and Korea. There are unconditional leaders in the export coal market: Indonesia and Australia. In addition, a comparison of large coal companies and their share in the world market is presented. The features of coal supplies are analyzed in accordance with international rules (Incoterms), which regulate the rights and obligations of the buyer when conducting international trade, as well as determine the moment of transfer of risks from the seller to the buyer. The following supply bases were characterized: FOB (Free On Board), FAS (Free Alongside Ship), CIF (Cost Insurance and Freight), DAP (Delivered At Place), FCA (Free Carrier) etc. Trends in the logistics component of the global coal industry are revealed. Logistic of coal supply chains in comparison with other energy fuels and their features are disclosed. The problem of profitability of mines and their effectiveness is presented. Assessment of the environmental components of coal use in industry and energy is analyzed. It was noted that on the background of the trend to protect the environment and promote renewable energy, coal is becoming less popular in developed countries. This trend is further exacerbated by state subsidies for green energy.
The article explains the stages of modern environmental policy formation and analyzes decarbonalization as a component of climate change, which requires the introduction of global regulation without taking into account any national priorities and the transition to global control over national economies through the OPEC oil and gas sector. The content of greening is revealed and it is noted that global warming in the climate has shifted to stable and dynamic regional geographical cooling, which makes not only doubt the causes of global ecological warming, but also to identify political motives for decarbonization and primarily in energy. The intensified development of wind farms has been noted as a result of the global policy of developed countries that do not have sufficient own reserves of coal and oil and gas hydrocarbons.
The article analyzes the prospects of cooperation between Poland and Ukraine in the field of electric power transmission. In particular, the characteristics of the «Burshtyn Energy Island» are enlightened, which includes Burshtyn TPP, Kalush CHPP and Tereble- Ritsk HPP that are detached from the power system of Ukraine and operate in parallel with the European system ENTSO-E. This island serves as an importer of Ukrainian electric power to European countries through Hungary and Slovakia, respectively, and is synchronized with the European Network of System Operators for Electricity Transmission (ENTSO-E). The main problem of the international transmission of electric current of Ukraine is determined, which is that the whole energy system of Ukraine works within the international energy union of the CIS and Baltic IPS / UPS. At the same time, the integration of Ukraine into the markets of Western European countries requires the break of established connections under the IPS / UPS system and the parallel increase of communications under the ENTSO-E system through Poland, Slovakia, Romania and Hungary. The prospect for the development of the Energy Bridge project, which provides the supply of electric power from the Khmelnitsk NPP to Poland through the Khmelnitsk NPP - Rzeszow, is described. It is proposed the stages for the further development of energy security in the information direction on the introduction of Smart Grid technologies, in which energy companies will be able to manage the whole network as the only flexible digital system, and end users - to clearly regulate their own electricity costs.
The article analyzes and evaluates the development of renewable energy from the standpoint of state regulation and incentives. It is noted that the global production of renewable electricity has increased by 15% over the last year. The periods of introduction of the "green tariff" as an economic stimulus for the development of solar energy, which became the starting point for the development of alternative generation in different countries, are analyzed. The role of institutional factors in the development of renewable energy, such as the free issuance of licenses for electricity generation, stimulating the creation of specialized research areas, technology development and production of relevant equipment, was observed. The necessity of taking into account the regional peculiarity in the state stimulation of the development of renewable energy is proved. The economic efficiency of the state regulation of alternative energy in time measurement per conditional unit of alternative renewable energy stations was calculated, taking the coefficient of proportionality into account. Therefore, the calculation indicates the high effectiveness of government policy in regulating energy in terms of only short-term lag (α = 1.3) and the number of stations 80 percent of full saturation relative to the basic needs of energy consumption. A separate further stage in the development of renewable energy without the introduction and expansion of the "green tariff" has been identified. This approach was introduced in Poland, which ensured the country not only the inflow of foreign investment, but also the formation of free competition among investors.
The analysis and assessment of the development of solar energy were carried out and it was noted that the production of solar electricity in the world has increased by more than 15% over the last year. In 2020 there are more than 37 countries with a total photovoltaic capacity of more than one GW, and the share of solar energy in total world electricity production was 8.15%. In the regional context, the largest production of electricity by solar energy sources is in Asia (at the expense of India and China) and North America (USA). The study assesses the main factors in the development of solar energy from the standpoint of environmental friendliness and stability of the electricity supply. The problem of the utilization of solar station equipment in the EU and the US is considered. According to the IPCC, IEA, Solar Power Europe, forecasting the development of solar energy in the world is considered. It is proved that the main factor in assessing the economic efficiency of solar energy production is a regional feature due to natural and climatic conditions (intensity of solar radiation). The use of solar generation is auxiliary for the operation of modern electrical networks as long as the efficiency of photovoltaic cells increases by at least 60-65%. Marginal costs of solar energy are minimal in those countries where active state support is provided. The competitiveness of solar energy is relatively low. However, from the standpoint of replacing energy fuel at a cost of USD 10 per 1 Gcal of solar energy saves 10-20 million tons of conventional fuel. Industrial production of solar electricity at modern solar power plants forms a price at the level of USD 250-450 for 1 MWh.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.