From the first pacemaker implant in 1958, numerous engineering and medical activities for implantable medical device development have faced challenges in materials, battery power, functionality, electrical power consumption, size shrinkage, system delivery, and wireless communication. With explosive advances in scientific and engineering technology, many implantable medical devices such as the pacemaker, cochlear implant, and real-time blood pressure sensors have been developed and improved. This trend of progress in medical devices will continue because of the coming super-aged society, which will result in more consumers for the devices. The inner body is a special space filled with electrical, chemical, mechanical, and marine-salted reactions. Therefore, electrical connectivity and communication, corrosion, robustness, and hermeticity are key factors to be considered during the development stage. The main participants in the development stage are the user, the medical staff, and the engineer or technician. Thus, there are three different viewpoints in the development of implantable devices. In this review paper, considerations in the development of implantable medical devices will be presented from the viewpoint of an engineering mind.
In this study, we investigated the low-temperature growth process of carbon nanowalls (CNWs). A microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system was used to grow CNWs on Si and glass substrates using methane (CH 4 ) and hydrogen (H 2 ) gases. CNWs were synthesized at a substrate temperature of 500 °C, and their growth properties depending on their growth time were examined. The vertical and surficial conditions of the grown CNWs depending on the growth temperature were characterized via field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and the Raman spectroscopy measurements showed structural variations. The optical properties of the CNWs that were synthesized on the glass substrate were analyzed using UV-vis spectroscopy, and it was found that the light transmittance was affected by the form and shape of the CNWs. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the CNWs consisted solely of carbon.
Secondary cells, which are the core storage media of energy storage systems (ESS), and carbon nanowalls (CNWs), which are expected to improve the performance of supercapacitors while being used as their electrodes, were investigated in this study. CNWs were directly grown on the substrate, and the substrate was a Si wafer with a nickel layer deposited on top of it. The nickel layer was deposited with the RF-magnetron sputtering method using a 4-inch Ni target. The CNWs were grown on the prepared substrate using microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The substrate temperature was changed from 550 to 800°C by 50°C increments to identify the growth characteristics according to the growth temperature. The surficial and cross-sectional images according to the temperature were analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). It was confirmed that the density of the CNWs increased along with the temperature. Especially, it was confirmed that the density increased dramatically at 750°C or higher.
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