This study examined the effect of word recall among Korean native students learning English vocabulary as their second language. The aim was to determine if there would be an effect of word recall on English vocabulary learning after the participants had studied 160 English-Korean word pairs using the computer. Participants were assigned to three different learning conditions (Control, Recall, Encode) and they learned lists of word pairs across multiple study trials and were given an immediate recall test. A final delayed recall test was also given 1 week after learning. The results from the delayed recall test indicated that the learning conditions (Control, Recall) which required the participants to actively recall the words resulted in a better recall of words 1 week after the initial learning period. In addition, the results from the survey which investigated the participants' preferred strategy when studying, demonstrated that 63.5% of the participants preferred to engage in self-testing or retrieval practice while studying. However, participants did not regard retrieval practice via self-testing alone as an effective learning strategy for studying.
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of adolescents’ perceived negative evaluation of parenting on their visuo-spatial attention and mental rotation abilities. The useful field of view (UFOV) and mental rotation tasks were used to measure visuo-spatial attention and mental rotation abilities among adolescents. The experimental groups were divided into the negatively evaluating group (MAge = 18.44, SD = 0.87, 20.7% girls) and positively evaluating group (MAge = 18.40, SD = 0.81, 23.3% girls) based on their scores on the self-perceived parenting attitude scales. The UFOV task showed lesser accuracy of the negatively evaluating group when compared to the positively evaluating one in target perception presented in 20° visual angle, indicating a deteriorated visuo-spatial attention ability in the negatively evaluating group. In the mental rotation task, the negatively evaluating group exhibited a small trade-off effect between response times and rotation angles, which implied an impatient strategy was employed to perform the task, whereas such a trade-off was not observed in the positively evaluating group. Thus, both experimental groups differed in terms of their visual attention and mental spatial abilities. This study suggests that the reduced visuo-spatial attention and mental rotation abilities may act as precursors for serious psychological symptoms caused by the negative self-evaluation of their parents’ parenting attitudes.
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