Hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) porous nanonetworks of nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide (Ni-Co LDH) nanosheets (NSs) are grown and decorated on flexible conductive textile substrate (CTs) via a simple two-electrode system based electrochemical deposition (ED) method. By applying a proper external cathodic voltage of -1.2 V for 15 min, the Ni-Co LDH NSs are densely deposited over the entire surface of the CTs with good adhesion. The flexible Ni-Co LDH NSs on CTs (Ni-Co LDH NSs/CTs) architecture with high porosity facilitates enhanced electrochemical performance in 1 M KOH electrolyte solution. The effect of growth concentration and external cathodic voltage on the electrochemical properties of Ni-Co LDH NSs/CTs is also investigated. The Ni10Co5 LDH NSs/CTs electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 2105 F g(-1) at a current density of 2 A g(-1) as well as an excellent cyclic stability as a pseudocapacitive electrode due to the advantageous properties of 3D interconnected porous frameworks of Ni10Co5 LDH NSs/CTs. This facile fabrication of bimetallic hydroxide nanostructures on CTs can provide a promising electrode for low-cost energy storage device applications.

Vertically-grown ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs) on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET), as a top electrode of nanogenerators, were investigated for the antireflective property as well as an efficient contact surface in bare polydimethysiloxane (PDMS)-based triboelectric nanogenerators. Compared to conventional ITO-coated PET (i.e., ITO/PET), the ZnO NRAs considerably suppressed the reflectance from 20 to 9.7% at wavelengths of 300-1100 nm, creating a highly transparent top electrode, as demonstrated by theoretical analysis. Also, the interval time between the peaks of generated output voltage under external pushing forces was significantly decreased from 1.84 to 0.19 s because the reduced contact area of the PDMS by discrete surfaces of the ZnO NRAs on ITO/PET causes a rapid sequence for triboelectric charge generation process including rubbing and separating. Therefore, the use of this top electrode enabled to operate the transparent PDMS-based triboelectric nanogenerator at high frequency of external pushing force. Under different external forces of 0.3-10 kgf, the output voltage and current were also characterized.

Trivalent rare-earth (RE) ions (Eu(3+), Tb(3+) and Sm(3+)) activated multicolor emitting SrY(2)O(4) phosphors were synthesized by a sol-gel process. The structural and morphological studies were performed by the measurements of X-ray diffraction profiles and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The pure phase of SrY(2)O(4) appeared after annealing at 1300 °C and the doping of RE ions did not show any effect on the structural properties. From the SEM images, the closely packed particles were observed due to the roughness of each particle tip. The photoluminescence (PL) analysis of individual RE ions activated SrY(2)O(4) phosphors exhibits excellent emission properties in their respective regions. The Eu(3+) co-activated SrY(2)O(4):Tb(3+) phosphor creates different emissions by controlling the energy transfer from Tb(3+) to Eu(3+) ions. Based on the excitation wavelengths, multiple (green, orange and white) emissions were obtained by Sm(3+) ions co-activated with SrY(2)O(4):Tb(3+) phosphors. The decay measurements were carried out for analyzing the energy transfer efficiency and the possible ways of energy transfer from donor to acceptor. The cathodoluminescence properties of these phosphors show similar behavior as PL properties except the energy transfer process. The obtained results indicated that the energy transfer process was quite opposite to the PL properties. The calculated CIE chromaticity coordinates of RE ions activated SrY(2)O(4) phosphors confirmed the red, green, orange and white emissions.

Stable CaMoO 4 spherulites were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method using (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 $4H 2 O as a Mo source and these spherulites were formed according to the theoretical predictions of the crystal splitting theory. Rietveld refinement and photoluminescence studies confirmed that the CaMoO 4 spherulites are defect-free. The CaMoO 4 spherulites showed greenish-blue emission and the single emitting component of CaMoO 4 :Eu 3+ spherulites led to a novel excitation induced efficient emission property like organic light emitting diodes. Cathodoluminescent properties of the CaMoO 4 :Eu 3+ exhibited individual emissions from MoO 4 2À clusters and Eu 3+ ions. The white color emissions were clearly explained using Gaussian fitting curves. The corresponding CIE chromaticity coordinates provided their emission potentiality in the green, red and white regions for optical and biological applications.

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Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) nanorods were facilely prepared by a simple hydrothermal synthesis, and their morphology and photocatalytic property were studied. The gallium oxide hydroxide (GaOOH) nanorods were formed in aqueous growth solution containing gallium nitrate and ammonium hydroxide at 95 °C of growth temperature. Through the calcination treatment at 500 and 1000 °C for 3 h, the GaOOH nanorods were converted into single crystalline α-Ga2O3 and β-Ga2O3 phases. From X-ray diffraction analysis, it could be confirmed that a high crystalline quality of β-Ga2O3 nanorods was achieved by calcinating at 1000 °C. The thermal behavior of the Ga2O3 nanorods was also investigated by differential thermal analysis, and their vibrational bands were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In order to examine the photocatalytic activity of samples, the photodegradation of Rhodamine B solution was observed under UV light irradiation. As a result, the α-Ga2O3 and β-Ga2O3 nanorods exhibited high photodegeneration efficiencies of 62 and 79 %, respectively, for 180 min of UV irradiation time.

The highly transparent micro-grating structures (MGSs) of sapphire substrate with large diffuse light scattering were theoretically and experimentally studied. From the finite difference time domain simulation, it was found that the degree of diffuse light scattering is strongly dependent on the size of grating structures. For a highly transparent property, the sapphire MGSs were optimally designed by the theoretical calculations using the rigorous coupled wave analysis method. The order of taper, geometry (i.e., width and height), and pitch length of MGSs were optimized to maximize their average total transmittance over a wide wavelength range of 300-1800 nm. Additionally, the influence of the deposition of low-refractive index material such as SiO2 onto sapphire MGSs on the transmittance characteristics was investigated. To verify experimentally the feasibility, the sapphire MGSs were fabricated by the conventional lithography and dry etching processes. The SiO2 deposited sapphire MGS exhibited a further increase in the total transmittance due to its relatively more graded refractive index profile while maintaining a significantly enhanced diffuse light scattering. The experimental data were in a reasonable agreement with the theoretical results.

Highly transparent and flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were fabricated using the subwavelength-architectured (SWA) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template as a replica mold. The SWA PDMS could be utilized as a multifunctional film for a triboelectric layer, an antireflection coating, and a self-cleaning surface. The nanopore arrays of AAO were formed by a simple, fast, and cost-effective electrochemical oxidation process of aluminum, which is relatively impressive for fabrication of the TENG device. For electrical contacts, the SWA PDMS was laminated on the indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a bottom electrode, and the bare ITO-coated PET (i.e., ITO/PET) was used for the top electrode. Compared to the ITO/PET, the SWA PDMS on the ITO/PET improved the transmittance from 80.5 to 83% in the visible wavelength region and also had high transmittances of >85% at wavelengths of 430-455 nm. The SWA PDMS also exhibited the hydrophobic surface with a water contact angle (θCA) of ∼115°, which can be useful for self-cleaning applications. The average transmittance (Tavg) of the entire TENG device was observed to be ∼70% over a broad wavelength range. At an external pushing frequency of 0.5 Hz, for the TENG device with the ITO top electrode, open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current (ISC) values of ∼3.8 V and ∼0.8 μA were obtained instantaneously, respectively, which were higher than those (i.e., VOC ≈ 2.2 V, and ISC ≈ 0.4 μA) of the TENG device with a gold top electrode. The effect of external pushing force and frequency on the output device performance of the TENGs was investigated, including the device robustness. A theoretical optical analysis of SWA PDMS was also performed.