Polymer electrolyte (PE) based on poly(ethylene oxide)-lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (PEO-LiTFSI) was blended with three room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (BMITFSI), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIBF 4 ) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (BMICF 3 SO 3 ) with a view to enhance the room temperature ionic conductivity to acceptable levels for use in lithium batteries. The incorporation of 80 parts by weight (pbw) of the RTILs in 100 pbw of PEO-LiTFSI resulted in enhanced ionic conductivity, the effect being more pronounced at lower temperatures. Evaluation of electrochemical properties showed that PEs with RTILs exhibit an electrochemical stability window between À1.0 V and 4.5 V vs Li/Li þ and good reversibility of redox reactions on cycling. The optimum results were obtained with the incorporation of BMITFSI in the PE, which exhibited a low and stable interfacial resistance on lithium metal.
Background: Hypoxia inhibits the uptake of glutamate (a major neurotransmitter in the brain closely related to cognitive function) into brain cells, and the initial response of cells to cortical hypoxia depends on glutamate. Previous studies have suggested that magnesium may have protective effects against hypoxic injuries. In particular, magnesium l-threonate (MgT) may increase magnesium ion concentrations in the brain better than MgSO 4 and improve cognitive function. Methods: We evaluated cell viability under hypoxic conditions in the MgT-and MgSO 4-treated human SH-SY5Y neurons, in vivo behavior using the T-maze test following hypoxia in MgT-treated zebrafish, activity of brain mitochondrial dehydrogenase by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and protein expression of the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) 4 glutamate transporter by western blotting. Results: Among the groups treated with hypoxia, cell viability significantly increased when pre-treated with 1 or 10 mM MgT (p = 0.009 and 0.026, respectively). Despite hypoxic insult, MgT-treated zebrafish showed preferences for the red compartment (p = 0.025 for distance and p = 0.007 for frequency of entries), suggesting memory preservation. TTC staining showed reduced cerebral infarction and preserved absorbance in the MgT-treated zebrafish brain after hypoxia (p = 0.010 compared to the hypoxia group). In addition, western blot showed upregulation of EAAT4 protein in the MgT treated group. Conclusions: Pre-treatment with MgT attenuated cell death and cerebral infarction due to hypoxia and protected cognitive function in zebrafish. In addition, MgT appeared to modulate expression of the glutamate transporter, EAAT4.
Exogenous ferrous chloride (FeCl<sub>2</sub>) suppressed in vitro growth of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, causing bacteria for tomato bacterial wilt. More than 50 μM of FeCl<sub>2</sub> reduced the in vitro bacterial growth in dosedependent manners. Two to 200 μM of FeCl<sub>2</sub> did not affect the fresh weight of detached tomato leaves at 3 and 5 days after the petiole dipping without the bacterial inoculation. The bacterial wilt of the detached tomato leaves was evaluated by inoculating two different inoculum densities of R. pseudosolanacearum (10<sup>5</sup> and 10<sup>7</sup> cfu/ml) in the presence of FeCl<sub>2</sub>. Bacterial wilt in the detached leaves by 10<sup>5</sup> cfu/ml was efficiently attenuated by 10–200 μM of FeCl<sub>2</sub> at 3 and 5 days post-inoculation (dpi), but bacterial wilt by 10<sup>7</sup> cfu/ml was only reduced by 200 μM of FeCl<sub>2</sub> at 3 and 5 dpi. These results suggest that iron nutrients can be included in the integrated disease management of tomato bacterial wilt.
The effect of mixed electrolytes and organic additives on the electrochemical
performance of rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery is investigated. The mixture of organic electrolytes, DME, DIG, TEGDME, and DIOX, was prepared to have appropriate composition, and to the electrolyte were added various organic additives, such as toluene, γ-butyrolactone, and MA. They showed an improved cyclic efficiency of lithium/sulfur battery and made utilization of active
material, sulfur, more effective.
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