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Pharmacists found the educational program beneficial and they were very likely to use the PDMP in the future. Perceptions of the Texas PDMP were changed from pre- to post-education program, with recognition that a PDMP can be a beneficial tool for pharmacy practice.

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The objective of this review is to determine the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy, oral and topical medications as well as dietary supplements to reduce pain in burning mouth syndrome patients (BMS). Methods: The Cochrane Library, Medline via PubMed and Web of Science were searched. Eligible studies were limited to randomized placebo-controlled trials on interventions used to treat BMS. Risk of bias was independently assessed in triplicate. Results: Twenty-two studies were included in this review. Fifteen reported baseline and post-treatment pain intensity, however due to the heterogeneity of the interventions subgroup analyses are presented by intervention. Subgroup analyses on the reduction of pain with alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) showed no significant difference with placebo (p=.713). However, a subgroup analysis with four studies showed ALA improved patients' symptoms significantly (RR=2.676; 95% CI 1.933 to 3.705; p<.001). Individual studies showed significant improvement in pain intensity with topical clonazepam (p<.001), capsaicin (p<.001), catuama (p=.009), and CBT (p<.001). No significant differences were found in individual studies reporting pain reduction with benzydamine HCl, chamomile, H. perforatum, lidocaine, lycopene-enriched olive oil and trazodone (p>.05). Pooled results with two studies each showed capsaicin (p<.001) and CBT (p=.031) significantly improved patients' symptoms. Conclusions: Low quality of evidence is available due to heterogeneity of the interventions, unclear or high risk of bias and differences in outcomes reported resulting in small number of studies included in each subgroup analysis. ALA, topical clonazepam, CBT, catuama and capsaicin should be studied further in high quality randomized clinical trials to provide recommendations for BMS patients.