Background. The present study aimed to analyse factors influencing the effects of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic castration-naïve prostate cancer (mCNPC), especially in low-volume disease (LVD), according to subclassification of metastatic prostate cancer established by the CHAARTED trial. Materials and Methods. We reviewed 648 patients with newly diagnosed mCNPC receiving ADT at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from January 2007 to December 2016. Basic characteristics and PSA kinetics profile were subsequently evaluated. Results. 48.3% of LVD patients progressed to castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Among them, CRPC group had significantly shorter time to PSA nadir (TTN) and faster time from PSA nadir to CRPC (TFNTC) (
p
< 0.001) compared to non-CRPC group. PSA doubling time (PSADT) < 4 months tended to be associated with faster disease progression and shorter overall survival (OS). Among all patients with metastatic prostate cancer, those with shorter TTN <9 months, higher nadir PSA level ≥1 ng/mL, and shorter PSADT <3 months had increased tendency for biochemical progression. Conclusions. PSADT is an effective clinical predictor for disease progression and survival in LVD. Other PSA kinetics including TTN and TFNTC, though not the major predictors for disease progression or OS in LVD, might be the predictors for disease control status.
Exudates are involved in the defense mechanism of trees; they could work against insects or microorganisms through a physical or chemical system. The main components of exudates are terpenoids. This study identified the main compounds of exudates from 13 conifers of Taiwan using gas chromatogram–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and spectroscopic analysis. The results revealed that the main volatiles were α-pinene, β-ocimene, β-pinene, sabinene, and caryophyllene. On the other hand, the main nonvolatile compounds were diterpenoids, which were classified into three skeletons (abietane-, labdane-, and pimarane-types). Among these, abietane-type presented in Pinaceae and in most of Cupressaceae; labdane-type presented in Pinaceae and in all of Cupressaceae and Araucariaceae; pimarane-type existed in both Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Furthermore, the epigenetics of conifers analysis results by GC–MS and heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) fingerprints were similar to traditional taxonomy classification; it indicated that exudates chemotaxonomy by using GC–MS and HSQC profiling is a useful technology to classify the conifers. Besides, the exudates of Pinus elliottii, Pinus taiwanensis, Calocedrus macrolepis and Chamaecyparis formosensis possessed the strong antifungal activity. For white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor, Pinus morrisonicola, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and Araucaria heterophylla exhibited the higher antifungal index. For brown-rot fungus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Pinus elliottii, Pinus morrisonicola, and Chamaecyparis formosensis revealed a good antifungal activity.
Background The present study aimed to analyse the effects of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic castration-naïve prostate cancer (mCNPC) and explore predictors, particularly prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics, associated with poor prognosis according to tumor volume, a new sub-classification of metastatic prostate cancer established by the CHAARTED trial.Methods We reviewed 648 patients with newly diagnosed mCNPC receiving ADT at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from January 2007 to December 2016. Basic characteristics and PSA kinetics profile were subsequently evaluated.Results Among patients with high-volume disease, those with faster time to PSA nadir (TTN) (< 7 months), higher PSA nadir (≥ 2 ng/mL), and faster PSA doubling time (PSADT) (< 2 months) had higher risk for faster disease progression or shorter overall survival (OS) compared to those with slower TTN (> 7 months), lower PSA nadir (< 2 ng/mL), and slower PSADT (> 2 months). Multivariate analysis of those with low-volume disease showed that only PSADT (< 4 months) was tended to be associated with faster disease progression or shorter OS.Conclusions PSA kinetics are effective clinical predictors for risk of disease progression and survival. Moreover, various PSA kinetics should be monitored according to tumor volume.
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