Transactional Memory (TM) systems must track the read and write sets-items read and written during a transaction-to detect conflicts among concurrent transactions. Several TMs use signatures, which summarize unbounded read/write sets in bounded hardware at a performance cost of false positives (conflicts detected when none exists).This paper examines different organizations to achieve hardware-efficient and accurate TM signatures. First, we find that implementing each signature with a single k-hashfunction Bloom filter (True Bloom signature) is inefficient, as it requires multi-ported SRAMs. Instead, we advocate using k single-hash-function Bloom filters in parallel (Parallel Bloom signature), using area-efficient single-ported SRAMs. Our formal analysis shows that both organizations perform equally well in theory and our simulationbased evaluation shows this to hold approximately in practice. We also show that by choosing high-quality hash functions we can achieve signature designs noticeably more accurate than the previously proposed implementations. Finally, we adapt Pagh and Rodler's cuckoo hashing to implement Cuckoo-Bloom signatures. While this representation does not support set intersection, it mitigates false positives for the common case of small read/write sets and performs like a Bloom filter for large sets.
Objective
To determine the role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β), one of the cytokines known to induce tissue fibrosis, in the induction of a Peyronie’s‐like condition, and to produce an animal model for the further study of Peyronie’s disease.
Materials and methods
Twenty‐four adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into two groups: in group 1, different concentrations of cytomodulin, a synthetic heptapeptide with TGF‐β‐like activity, were injected into the tunica of each of 18 rats and six rats group 2 received saline injections as a control. The tunical tissues were taken after 3 days, 2 and 6 weeks and were examined histologically using Hart and trichrome stains. Electron microscopy was used to examine the ultrastructural changes in the same tissue samples.
Results
There were histological and ultrastructural alterations in 15 of 18 rats in group 1 (cytomodulin‐injected), especially in tissue examined after 6 weeks. The most prominent histological changes were chronic inflammatory cellular infiltration, focal and diffuse elastosis, thickening, disorganization and clumping of the collagen bundles. The ultrastructural changes were in the form of densely packed collagen, fragmented and scarce elastic fibres, separation of neuronal fibres by interposing clumps of packed collagen, and perivascular collagen deposition as a part of the reorganization of the interstitial matrix.
Conclusion
Cytomodulin can induce a Peyronie’s‐like condition in the rat penis, which may explain the role of TGF‐β in the pathogenesis of Peyronie’s disease. With further refinement, such rats may be used as an experimental model for studies of Peyronie’s disease.
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