-Recently, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received great attention for their simple fabrication process, low production costs and, relatively high conversion efficiency.DSSC are a combination of materials, consisting of a transparent electrode coated with a dye-sensitized mesoporous film of nanocrystalline particles of TiO2, an electrolyte containing a suitable redox couple and an electrode. In order to optimize DSSC performance, it is important to fully understand the factors which affect the key features of DSSC characteristics. This paper presents an overview of the construction of a dye-sensitized solar cell, operating principle of DSSC, DSSC performance and, investigates the most important parameters which affect Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells performance.
-Dye-sensitized solar cells DSSCs have attracted great attention for their simple fabrication process, low production costs, relatively high conversion efficiency, and being environmental friendly.DSSC are a combination of materials, consisting of a transparent electrode coated with a dye-sensitized mesoporous film of nanocrystalline particles of TiO2, an electrolyte containing a suitable redox-couple and a electrode.DSSCs use organic dye assist to produce electricity in a wide range of light conditions, indoors and outdoors. The dye in the solar cell is the key element since it is responsible for light harvesting ability, photoelectron generation (the creation of free charges after injection of electrons into the nanostructured semi-conducting oxide) and electron transfer.For this reason, this paper gives a background of dyestuff, types and limitations. The motivation of this work is to design a simple, easy and prepare an efficient organic dye sensitizer. Also, this paper investigates the important criteria which are considered for selecting dye to enhance DSSC efficiency.
In this study Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK) and acetophenone (Methyl Phenyl Ketone) are presented as suitable agents for removal of Fe(III) from concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions. An extensive study applying 4 parameters was carried out: Time (5, 10,15,20,30 and 60 minutes), Stirring rate (200, 300, 400 and 500 r.p.m), Solvent to HCl Ratio (5%, 10%, 14% and 16%), and initial concentration of Fe ions in crude HCl (95.24, 126 ppm, 330 ppm and 1955 ppm).The best Condition was found to be 30 min-400 r.p.m-14 %. The distilled water was used to strip Fe ions out of MIBK; In order to get most of the MIBK dissolved in both the concentrated HCl and water. Diluents were used such as benzene, kerosene and xylene. Xylene gives better recovery of about 96%.
In this work, two catalysts based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) containing sulfonic acid group and the −COOH group of citric acid (CA) were synthesized. Characterization of the −SO3H functionalized PEG and citric acid functionalized PEG has been carried out using FT–IR. The acidity of PEG–SO3H and PEG–CA has been explored to investigate their catalytic efficiency towards eco-friendly production of methyl salicylate via esterification of salicylic acid using methanol as a reactant as well as solvent. Methanol to acid molar ratios of 4:1, 6:1, 8:1, and 10:1 was applied. The sulfonated PEG is found to be a very active solid acid catalyst giving high yields (82%) under the optimized reaction conditions (10:1 M ratio of methanol to acid; reaction temperature, 65 °C; reaction time, 150 min with catalyst loading of 1.5%. In comparison with the catalytic activity of H2SO4, PEG–SO3H, and PEG-CA; the PEG–SO3H surpassed the catalytic activity of both H2SO4 and PEG–CA. The IEC of PEG–SO3H was 4 meq/g. And the maximum water uptake of PEG-SO3H was 8.25%.
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