Objective: This study was designed to compare object relations and anger control between MS patients and normal individuals. Method: The present study was a cross-sectional case-control study with two groups: the case group (patients with MS) and the control group (normal controls without MS). 80 patients and 80 healthy individuals were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria using a simple random sampling method. The research’s data collection tool was a threepart questionnaire consisting of demographic information, the Bell Object Relations and the Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2). The data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 26 using descriptive and analytical statistics (stepwise regression). Results: The results showed that in terms of object relations, there was no significant difference between the two groups except in alienation of relations (P = 0.035). The results also showed that in general, there was no statistically significant difference between the anger index of the group of MS patients and the normal controls. However, 12.8% of MS patients were significantly different in state of anger, trait anger and anger control compared to normal individuals. This difference was especially higher in angry temperament (P = 0.025) and the anger expression-in (P = 0.04). Conclusion: Although patients with MS were not significantly different from healthy individuals in terms of intrapsychic and interpersonal functions in the context of object relations and anger management, it seems that more complex and multifaceted explanations lie in the results that need further research.
Purpose: To determine the association between ocular biometric components and corneal aberrations in individuals aged 60 years and older. Methods: In a cross‐sectional study, multi‐stage cluster sampling was performed in Tehran, the capital of Iran. After selecting the samples, all study participants underwent ophthalmic examinations including visual acuity, refraction, anterior and posterior segment examination using slit‐lamp biomicroscopy as well as corneal imaging by Pentacam AXL. The corneal aberrations were measured for a sub‐sample. Results: This report analysed 644 eyes of 415 individuals after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, 236 (56.9%) were females. The mean age of participants was 66.36 ± 4.70 years (range: 60–79 years). According to the generalized estimation equation (GEE), the root mean square (RMS) of higher‐order aberrations (HOA) was related to age (β = 0.081, p = 0.002), crystalline lens thickness (β = 0.08, p < 0.001), and corneal diameter (β = −0.04, p = 0.014). The RMS of total Coma aberration was directly related to the intraocular ocular pressure (β = 0.001, p = 0.044), female sex (β = 0.02, p = 0.05), and crystalline lens thickness (β = 0.06, p < 0.001). There was a direct relationship between the RMS of third‐ and fourth‐order HOAs and crystalline lens thickness (p < 0.001). Spherical aberration was directly related to the male sex (β = −0.02, p = 0.004), axial length (β = 0.05, p < 0.001), central corneal thickness (β = 0.001, p = 0.025), and inversely related to anterior chamber depth (β = −0.07, p = 0.031) and crystalline lens thickness (β = −0.25, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that ocular biometric components are related to corneal aberrations in the elderly. It is necessary to pay attention to this finding in the clinical affairs of the elderly.
Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of some corneal abnormalities and determine their important risk factors of elderly population of Tehran. Methods: Tehran Geriatric Eye Study was a population‐based cross‐sectional study conducted in 60 years and older of the population of Tehran using stratified cluster random sampling. The participants underwent complete optometric and ophthalmic examination. Firth's logistic regression analysis was used to model the most important risk factors. Results: Of 3781 invited individuals, 3310 participated in the study. Age and sex standardized prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of posterior embryotoxon (PE), punctate epithelial defect (PED), pigment on endothelium (POE), corneal dystrophy (CDys), corneal vascularization (CV) and corneal degeneration (CDeg) was 0.08% (0.02–0.40), 8.77% (6.64–11.51), 0.57% (0.33–0.98), 0.53% (0.33–0.82), 0.95% (0.60–1.52), and 44.87% (41.80–47.98), respectively. Overall, 49.08% of study participants had some type of corneal abnormality in at least one eye. Based on the results of model building, PED had a positive association with age (OR: 2.03 for >80 years old vs. 60–64 years. old, p: 0.001) and an inverse association with socioeconomic status (SES) (OR: 0.52 for highest vs. lowest, p: 0.004). CDeg had a positive association with age (OR: 2.79 for >80 years. old vs. 60–64 years old; p 80 years. old vs. 60–64 years. old, p: 0.028) and an inverse association with SES 20 (OR: 0.17 for high vs. lowest, p: 0.017) and female sex (OR: 0.44, p: 0.048). Among all variables, age had the highest standardized coefficient (age standardized coefficient was 0.090, 0.193, and 0.191 for PED, CV, and CDeg, respectively). Conclusions: Overall, one in every two people aged 60 years and over has at least one corneal abnormality, especially CDeg. Age was the most important determinants in the occurrence of corneal abnormalities. Therefore, Priority should be given to old people in designing diagnostic and treatment interventions.
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