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Indirubin is an active component of Dang Gui Long Hui Wan, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory diseases as well as for the prevention and treatment of human cancer, such as chronic myeloid leukemia. The therapeutic effects of indirubin analogs have been underestimated due to its poor water solubility and low bioavailability. To improve the solubility and bioavailability of indirubin analogs, we prepared a mixed micellar formulation with Kolliphor® EL and Tween 80 as surfactants, and PEG 400 as a co-surfactant, followed by complexation with (2-hydroxyproply)-β-cyclodextrin at appropriate ratios. Overall, improving the solubility and skin penetration of indirubin analogs can increase clinical efficacy and provide maximum flux through the skin.

Purpose: Most therapeutic agents have limitations owing to low selectivity and poor solubility, resulting in post-treatment side effects. Therefore, there is a need to improve solubility and develop new formulations to deliver therapeutic agents specifically to the target site. Gelatin is a natural protein that is composed of several amino acids. Previous studies revealed that gelatin contains arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD) sequences that become ligands for the integrin receptors expressed on cancer cells. Thus, in this study, we aimed to increase the efficiency of drug delivery into cancer cells by coating drug-encapsulating liposomes with gelatin (gelatin-coated liposomes, GCLs). Methods: Liposomes were coated with gelatin using electrostatic interaction and covalent bonding. GCLs were compared with PEGylated liposomes in terms of their size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, stability, dissolution profile, and cell uptake. Results: Small-sized and physically stable GCLs were prepared, and they showed high drug-encapsulation efficiency. An in vitro dissolution study showed sustained release depending on the degree of gelatin coating. Cell uptake studies showed that GCLs were superior to PEGylated liposomes in terms of cancer cell-targeting ability. Conclusions: GCLs can be a novel and promising carrier system for targeted anticancer agent delivery. GCLs, which exhibited various characteristics depending on the coating degree, could be utilized in various ways in future studies.