Purpose The purpose of this study is to review the levels of open government data (OGD) among various countries that are not consistent with the development levels of those countries. This study evaluates the associativity between OGD Index (OGD) and the characteristics of those countries as well as to compare the degree of OGD among countries. Accordingly, an advanced discussion to explore how a country’s characteristics affect how that country’s government opens data was presented. Design/methodology/approach The stakeholder relationships of OGD is analysed with the characteristics of a country. The usage data are compared with the data availability according to nine indicators. These data collected from the statistics and OGDI websites are grouped for comparative statistical analyses based on basic descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance and a regression model with variance inflation faction. Findings The results 1) revealed the reasons some countries have high-ranking indexes and 2) verified the high index values of countries in terms of their degrees of development. This study, thus, attempted to derive a balanced appraisal of national development and OGD. Research limitations/implications The study sample is limited only to countries 1) which open the statistical data; and 2) are of uneven population density and development degree. The OGDI is limited to expert evaluation. The score might be vary to experts and users with diverse countries at different evaluation period. The limitations can be attributed to the differences between OGDI and real open levels. These differences might influence the reliability and validity. Practical implications Government departments with OGD policies provide raw data in various formats and with application interfaces for user access. This study, thus, attempts to derive a balanced appraisal of national development and OGD. The factors that evaluate which types of countries open the level of data are explored. Originality/value This study establishes stakeholder relationships of OGD and extends to analyse the characteristics of a country and OGD that affect the government data open level. The relationships are evaluated through the OGDI with design score scheme. The measurement results indicated that a country possesses high relation to open data with high DI and nature resource.
Abstract-In wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with multiple sink nodes, energy is wasted on idle listening, redundant transmissions, and unnecessary power consumption. The total energy consumption may be minimized by properly scheduling communications in conjunction with aggregating data and dynamically adjusting radii. We propose near-optimal data aggregation routing and duty cycle scheduling heuristics, denoted by MDAR and O-MAC, which achieve energy efficiency and bound latency within a reasonable range. These heuristics outperform other general data aggregation routing heuristics (e.g., CNS, GIT, and SPT) and scheduling protocols (e.g., S-MAC and T-MAC) by 7%-45%, according to our experimental results.
The network for wireless sensor network plays an important role to survivability, Thus, we indicate the importance of routing protocol to network lifetime, and model the expected retransmission time as a convex function with respect to aggregate jlow on each sensor node. Thus we formulate the optimal energy-eficient routing as a non-linear min-max programming problem with convex productform, which can be optimally solved by optimal routing framework. Based on the optimal routing framework, we propose Lagrangean-based algorithm and primal optimal algorithm. By the combination of these two algorithms, we can optimally andget the routing assignment to maximize the network life in the sensor network. From experiments, we observe that when the optimal network lifetime increases as the number of sensor nodes increase. While the shortest path-based heuristic algorithm can only achieve about 48% network lifetime compared to our solution approach.
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