The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of graphene plasmonics and their applications in different fields. Compared with conventional plasmonic materials, graphene enables highly confined plasmons with much longer lifetimes. Moreover, graphene plasmons work in an extended wavelength range, i.e., mid-infrared and terahertz regime, overlapping with the fingerprints of most organic and biomolecules, and have broadened their applications towards plasmonic biological and chemical sensors. In this review, we discuss intrinsic plasmonic properties of graphene and strategies both for tuning graphene plasmons as well as achieving higher performance by integrating graphene with plasmonic nanostructures. Next, we survey applications of graphene and graphene-hybrid materials in biosensors, chemical sensors, optical sensors, and sensors in other fields. Lastly, we conclude this review by providing a brief outlook and challenges of the field. Through this review, we aim to provide an overall picture of graphene plasmonic sensing and to suggest future trends of development of graphene plasmonics.
The crumpling of two-dimensional (2D) materials is one of the most widely used ways to create three-dimensional (3D) out-of-plane structures from 2D materials and to apply in-plane strain for strain-induced material property modulation. Although the elastic compressive strain induced crumpling of 2D materials is a simple and versatile way to form 3D structures, the resulting structures are rather simple where crumples are formed in a delocalized manner. Here, we report a new approach inspired by crack lithography to localize deformation and achieve localized crumpling of 2D materials. As a result, a mixed-dimensional structure composed of flat (2D) and crumpled (3D) structure is formed monolithically in 2D materials. We present structural analysis of our mixed-dimensional structure of graphene, where the localized prestrain was amplified to be 330% of the macroscale prestrain. In addition, we demonstrate the material densification and the strain localizations of our mixed-dimensional structure of monolayer MoS 2 and graphene based on Raman and photoluminescence spectral characterizations. Finally, our mixed-dimensional graphene structure is fabricated into a stretchable strain sensor, where it exhibits four times enhanced gauge factor compared to that of delocalized crumpled graphene.
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