Plasmonic sensors based on graphene and graphene hybrid materials

Abstract

The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of graphene plasmonics and their applications in different fields. Compared with conventional plasmonic materials, graphene enables highly confined plasmons with much longer lifetimes. Moreover, graphene plasmons work in an extended wavelength range, i.e., mid-infrared and terahertz regime, overlapping with the fingerprints of most organic and biomolecules, and have broadened their applications towards plasmonic biological and chemical sensors. In this review, we discuss intrinsic plasmonic properties of graphene and strategies both for tuning graphene plasmons as well as achieving higher performance by integrating graphene with plasmonic nanostructures. Next, we survey applications of graphene and graphene-hybrid materials in biosensors, chemical sensors, optical sensors, and sensors in other fields. Lastly, we conclude this review by providing a brief outlook and challenges of the field. Through this review, we aim to provide an overall picture of graphene plasmonic sensing and to suggest future trends of development of graphene plasmonics.

Silver-Based Surface Plasmon Sensors: Fabrication and Applications

“…SP can reduce the dimensionality of optical control from three to two dimensions to achieve effective regulation of super-diffraction limit light transmission at the nanometer scale, and at the same time, it can realize local convergence and amplification of electromagnetic energy at the nanometer scale. Due to the properties of SPP surface localization and near-field enhancement, the modulation of SPP by metal micro-nano structures, composite structures of metals and materials produces a series of novel phenomena such as optical nonlinear enhancement effects, transmission enhancement, orientation effects, high sensitivity to refractive index, negative refraction, and low threshold dynamic modulation, which make SPP useful for sensing [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ], catalysis [ 6 , 7 , 8 ], waveguides [ 9 , 10 ], and lasers [ 11 ] and other fields to show important application prospects.…”

Recent Advances in Aptamer-Based Sensors for Sensitive Detection of Neurotransmitters

“…Hybrid forms using different metals can amplify the signal for the aptamer by enhancing the conductivity of the sensor and increasing the electron transfer [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. Interestingly, aptamers can be immobilised on the surface of graphene using pi-pi stacking, and graphene provides the sensor with excellent resistance to corrosion and heat [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. The graphene/gold-hybrid form maximises the performance of the biosensor due to the easy aptamer immobilisation of graphene and excellent optical or electrical properties of the gold metal [ 54 ].…”

Adsorption and Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by New Two-Dimensional BCN Monolayers: A First-Principles Study

“…Graphene, as a well-known two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial having excellent physical and chemical properties, has been explored globally in recent years, including optoelectronics, sensing, energy, biomedicine, and other fields. − The discovery of graphene has stimulated the exploration of 2D materials, and many graphene-like structures were found, − such as net-C18, wrinkled graphene, hp-C18, and penta-graphene . In addition, the gapless graphene can become semiconducting upon doping with other atoms to extend the investigations of graphene-like structures. − Due to their atomic sizes close to carbon’s, nitrogen and boron atoms are widely used as dopants to form boron carbon nitrogen (BCN) compounds. , Many BCN materials with unique structures and excellent performance have been developed. − A h-BCN material was synthesized by graphene and h-BN .…”