What is already known about this topic?
Since the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) announced the 90-90-90 targets to control the global HIV epidemic in 2014, many countries have undertaken innovative measures to achieve this goal. The National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS) of China CDC convenes experts annually to evaluate the national progress towards these indicators. The most recent progress of 90-90-90 targets in China has not been previously published.
What is added by this report?
At the end of 2018, the percentage of living with HIV (PLWH) who had received a confirmed HIV diagnosis in China was 68.9% (61.5%-78.3%). The antiretroviral treatment coverage of diagnosed PLWH was 83.4%, and among patients on treatment for at least 12 months, 94.2% achieved viral suppression. This provides most recent progress of 90-90-90 target in China.
What are the implications for public health practice?
China has made significant strides in curbing the HIV epidemic, but analysis on progress for the first 90 target for HIV testing remains out of reach. Innovative testing strategies may need to be developed to ensure that more PLWH can be identified.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate flow of discrete microbubbles through a water-saturated porous medium. During the experiments, bubbles, released from a diffuser, moved upward through a quasi-2-D flume filled with transparent water-based gelbeads and formed a distinct plume that could be well registered by a calibrated camera. Outflowing bubbles were collected on the top of the flume using volumetric burettes for flux measurements. We quantified the scaling behaviors between the gas (bubble) release rates and various characteristic parameters of the bubble plume, including plume tip velocity, plume width, and breakthrough time of the plume front. The experiments also revealed circulations of ambient pore water induced by the bubble flow. Based on a simple momentum exchange model, we showed that the relationship between the mean pore water velocity and gas release rate is consistent with the scaling solution for the bubble plume. These findings have important implications for studies of natural gas emission and air sparging, as well as fundamental research on bubble transport in porous media.
AimTo identify the prevalence and predictors of abnormal renal function among HIV-positive Chinese patients prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and to evaluate subsequent changes in renal function after ART exposure.MethodsWe conducted a nationwide cohort study of subjects who enrolled in the national Chinese ART program from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012. We estimated the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of subjects prior to and after initiating ART. Risk factors for abnormal renal function, as defined by eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2, at baseline and follow-up were assessed by logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression models, respectively.ResultsAmong 41,862 subjects, at ART baseline, 3.3% had a baseline eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 and 24.2% had eGFR = 60–90 ml/min/1.73m2. Adjusted baseline risk factors for baseline eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 were older age (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.52–5.67), female (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.47–1.93), hemoglobin <120g/L (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.47–1.93), blood glucose >6.1 mmol/L (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.25–1.72), and hepatitis C co-infection (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06–1.73). Among subjects with baseline eGFR >90 ml/min/1.73m2, the incidence of the eGFR falling to <60 ml/min/1.73m2 was 0.92/100 person-years after a median of 15.0 months of ART. Being on a tenofovir with lopinavir/ritonavir regimen (Adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.96–4.66) and having an unsuppressed viral load (AHR = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.80–4.03) were independent predictors for eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 after ART initiation as well as older age, female, and hemoglobin <120 g/L.ConclusionA high proportion of HIV-positive subjects in China presented with abnormal renal function prior to ART initiation. But the incidence of the eGFR decrease after ART was low. Patient renal function should be regularly monitored by eGFR before initiating and during ART.
Currently, many Chinese cities are suffering from the mounting pressures of deteriorating environmental quality, particularly in the form of serious air pollution that contributes to fog and haze. An important reason for urban air pollution is the rapid increase in automobile ownership and usage, which has increased gasoline consumption and waste gas production. Thus, it is important—and even necessary—to develop new energy vehicles (NEVs) to mitigate the environmental problems associated with automobile usage. However, the market share of NEVs in China is still relatively low. For the sake of boosting NEV sales, research should be conducted on this market, particularly regarding Chinese consumers' preferences for and intentions to purchase environmentally friendly vehicles. This study employs a carefully designed questionnaire survey of potential electronic vehicle consumers in seven Chinese cities. An empirical analysis based on the survey data is performed to investigate the main factors influencing the purchase of electronic vehicles. The estimation results indicate that monthly income, the number of cars a family owns, sustainability and vehicle comfort strongly influence consumers' purchasing behavior. Furthermore, age, marital status, city of residence, the number of cars a family owns, and the extent of police familiarity concerning NEVs are all proven to be significantly determinants of consumers' purchasing intentions. Moreover, based on our results, several political suggestions are provided to encourage the development of the Chinese NEV market.
Photovoltaic (PV) system output electricity is related to PV cells' conditions, with the PV faults decreasing the efficiency of the PV system and even causing a possible source of fire. In industrial production, PV fault detection is typically laborious manual work. In this paper, we present a method that can automatically detect PV faults. Based on the observation that different faults will have different impacts on a PV system, we propose a method that systematically and iteratively reconfigures the PV array until the faults are located based on the specific current-voltage (I-V) curve of the (sub-)array. Our method can detect several main types of faults including open-circuit faults, mismatch faults, short circuit faults, etc. We evaluate our methods by Matlab/Simulink-based simulation. The results show that the proposed methods can accurately detect and classify the different faults occurring in a PV system.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.