Although evidence suggests that helicopter parenting causes emotional problems in emerging adults, how emotional problems in emerging adults affect helicopter parenting and the mediating role of autonomy in reciprocal relationships is little known. Therefore, this study collected data from 418 Chinese university students (80.1% female; M age = 18.71, SD = 1.15) three times (in the second, fourth, and fourteenth months after enrollment) about perceived helicopter parenting, emotional issues (anxiety and depressive symptoms), and autonomy. The results of the cross-lagged panel models showed that emotional problems in emerging adults predicted the later assessment of helicopter parenting, the reverse relationship between the two variables was not the case. Emerging adults’ emotional issues at Time 1 reduced their autonomy at Time 2, leading to increased helicopter parenting behaviors at Time 3. However, helicopter parenting at Time 1 did not affect emerging adults’ autonomy at Time 2, which also had no relation to their emotional problems at Time 3. These findings suggest that helicopter parenting is more likely a reaction to maladjustment in emerging adults than an influencing factor. The research clarifies changes in parent-child interactions during the transition to adulthood and will help promote the adaptation of emerging adults in college.

No abstract

To separate NaCl and NaBr from the solid solution Na(Cl, Br) crystallized from bittern, the solubilities of the ternary NaCl−NaBr−CH 3 OH system at 298 and 313 K were determined by the isothermal solution equilibrium method, and the phase diagrams were drawn. The results showed that the phase diagrams of this ternary system had two univariant curves, one invariant point, and the composition of the liquid phase at the invariant point was wt (NaCl) = 0.2505%, wt (NaBr) = 13.88% at 298 K and wt (NaCl) = 0.2674%, wt (NaBr) = 13.79% at 313 K. In this phase diagram, there is not only the crystallization region of the solid solution Na(Cl, Br) but also the single-salt crystallization region of NaCl and the cocrystallization zone of NaCl and the solid solution Na(Cl, Br). Based on the Pitzer extended model, the solubility of the ternary system was calculated. The calculated values were in good agreement with the experimental values. According to the phase diagram of the ternary NaCl−NaBr−CH 3 OH system and the phase diagram of the ternary NaCl−NaBr−H 2 O system at 298 K, the separation process of NaCl and NaBr in the solid solution Na(Cl, Br) was designed.

Aiming to improve the utilization of bromine resources in bittern, the solubilities of the ternary NaCl−NaBr−CH 3 OH−H 2 O mixed solvent system at 298 and 323 K were measured by the method of isothermal dissolution equilibrium, and the corresponding phase diagrams were constructed. The results show that the phase diagrams at the two temperatures are similar, and both have only one univariant curve and one crystallization region corresponding to a solid solution Na(Cl, Br) without invariant points. Based on the extended Pitzer model, Pitzer parameters were calculated, and the activity product of the solid solution was regressed into a polynomial of Br − mole fraction in the solid solution. The solubilities of the ternary NaCl−NaBr− CH 3 OH−H 2 O mixed solvent system at 298 K were calculated. The computed results are in accordance with the experimental values.

This study examined the relationships between helicopter parenting and emerging adults' adjustment indices (school engagement, peer attachment, and stress) and the potential mediating role of autonomy and moderating role of the sense of entitlement in the relationships. Participants included 392 Chinese university students aged 18–23 (M = 18.83) who completed six questionnaires that assessed helicopter parenting, school engagement, peer attachment, stress, autonomy, and the sense of entitlement, respectively. The results showed that: (1) helicopter parenting significantly negatively predicted students' school engagement and peer attachment but positively predicted their stress; (2) autonomy mediated the relationships between helicopter parenting and students' adjustment indices; (3) students' sense of entitlement significantly negatively moderated the effect of helicopter parenting on their autonomy. These findings suggested that helicopter parenting can affect emerging adults' adjustment directly and indirectly by diminishing their autonomy in the collectivist culture. The sense of entitlement appeared to protect emerging adults from the detrimental consequences of helicopter parenting.