Nine organic acids (formic, pyruvic, lactic, acetic, orotic, citric, uric, propionic, and butyric) were analyzed during ripening of pickled White cheese for 12 mo by high-performance liquid chromatography with a reverse phase C18 (120x 5-mm) column and UV detector. The level oftotal organic acids showed an increase along the ripening period, but its composition varied during the process. Initially, lactic acid accounted for 95% of the total, after 9 and 12 mo of ripening, butyric acid constituted 20 and 27% of the total, respectively. Each organic acid presented a characteristic pattern of change during ripening. Discriminant analysis classified cheeses according to their age. Stepwise regression analysis allowed estimation of the ripening time of samples according to their organic acid levels.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a herbal essential oil mixture on the performance of broilers produced by a young (30 wk) or an old breeder (80 wk) flock. One thousand and eight unsexed day-old broiler chicks (Ross-308) originating from the two breeder flocks were randomly allocated to three treatment groups of 336 birds each. Dietary treatments were: a control and two diets containing 24 mg/kg or 48 mg/kg of an essential oil mixture. There were no significant effects of dietary treatment on body weight of the broilers at 21 and 42 days. The effect of the age of the parents did not have a significant effect on body weight of the broilers at 21 and 42 days of age. Up to 21 days the feed intake of broilers from young breeders was reduced significantly as a result of the inclusion of the essential oil mixture in their diets, and a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio was recorded in these birds. Difference in regression coefficients for feed intake and feed conversion ratio between broilers from young and old breeder flocks was significant. Carcass yield and some internal organ weights such as the liver, pancreas, proventriculus, gizzard and small intestine were not affected by the addition of the essential oil mixture to the diet. Inclusion of essential oil mixture to the diet decreased mortality significantly at 21 days.

Data, provided by a commercial breeding company, consisted of age at sexual maturity (ASM), Canonical correlation analysis for studying the relationship between egg production traits and body weight, egg weight and age at sexual maturity in layers Y. AKBAŞ, Ç. TAKMA Department of Biometry and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey ABSTRACT: In this study, canonical correlation analysis was applied to layer data to estimate the relationships of egg production with age at sexual maturity, body weight and egg weight. For this purpose, it was designed to evaluate the relationship between two sets of variables of laying hens: egg numbers at three different periods as the first set of variables (Y) and age at sexual maturity, body weight, egg weight as the second set of variables (X) by using canonical correlation analysis. Estimated canonical correlations between the first and the second pair of canonical variates were significant (P < 0.01). Canonical weights and loadings from canonical correlation analysis indicated that age at sexual maturity had the largest contribution as compared with body weight and egg weight to variation of the number of egg productions at three different periods.

First lactation production records of pedigree Holstein-Friesian cows in the UK were analysed by an animal model, in order to estimate effects of heterosis and recombination loss between North American Holstein and European Friesian cattle and the influence of these effects on breeding value prediction. Coefficients of heterosis and recombination loss were fitted in the animal model as covariables and unknown parents were assigned to a varying number of genetic groups. The estimates of heterosis effects were 104 kg, 4.3 kg and 2.9 kg for milk, fat and protein yield, respectively, while the corresponding coefficients for recombination loss were -135 kg, -2.6 kg and -3.7 kg respectively. Neither the sire component of variance nor the heritability estimates were appreciably affected by the inclusion of heterosis and recombination loss in the model. Including both these effects in the breeding value estimation increased the predicted sire proof for fat plus protein of a typical F1 Holstein × Friesian sire by 3 kg. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Tiermodellschätzungen nicht-additiv genetischer Parameter bei Milchrindern und ihre Auswirkung auf Heritabilitätsschätzung und Zuchtwertvoraussage Laktationsleistungen von Herdbuch Holstein-Friesen Kühen im UK wurden mittels eines Tiermodells analysiert zur Schätzung der Wirkungen von Heterosis und Rekombinationsverlust zwischen nordamerikanischen Holstein und europäischen Schwarzbunten und Einfluß dieser Wirkungen auf Zuchtwahlvorhersagen. Koeffizienten für Heterosis und für Rekombinationsverlust wurden im Tiermodell als Co-Variable berücksichtigt und unbekannte Eltern einer unterschiedlichen Zahl genetischer Gruppen zugeordnet. Schätzungen der Heterosiswirkungen waren 104 kg, 4,3 kg und 2,1 kg für Milch-, Fett- Proteinmengen, während die diesbezüglichen Koeffizienten für Rekombinationsverlust -135, -2,6 und -3,7 kg waren. Weder die Vatervarianzkomponente noch Heritabilitätswerte wurden durch Berücksichtigung von Heterosis und Rekombinationsverluste im Modell tangiert. Berücksichtigung beider Wirkungen in der Zuchtwertschätzung erhöhte den geschätzten Vaterzuchtwert für Fett + Protein eines typischen F1 Holstein-Friesen-Stieres um 3kg.

1. The present study was conducted to determine if detrimental effects of high temperature on broiler performance could be overcome by short-term fasting and to examine the effect of food withdrawal on the responses of two commercial strains (S1 and S2). 2. An experimental design was used with three feeding groups and two strains. Birds in the control (C) group were fed ad libitum during the experimental period (0 to 6 weeks), while feed was withdrawn in the other groups between 10:00 and 16:00 h during weeks 5 and 6 (F1) or week 6 (F2), respectively. After standard brooding for the first 3 weeks temperature and humidity varied according to outside climate between 4 and 6 weeks of age. 3. Feeding strategy significantly affected body weight at week 6 (BW6) and daily weight gain during week 6 (DWG5-6). F2 gave the best results in BW6 and DWG5-6. Strain effect was significant on DWG4-5 and DWG5-6; S1 had higher DWG4-5 and S2 gained more at the last stage. S1C broilers had greater BW6 than S2C but the S2 strain gave a better response to short-term fasting compared with S1 and this resulted in significant strain by feeding interaction effect on BW6 and DWG5-6. 4. It was shown that short-term fasting was an effective method for controlling rectal temperature (RT) of broilers at 5 and 6 weeks of age. 5. Total food consumption (FCO-6), food conversion ratio (FCRO-6), mortality, and carcase characteristics were not affected by short-term fasting in the experimental conditions. 6. In conclusion, it can be recommended that broiler producers may practise 6 h of fasting during the hot period of the day without any adverse effect on slaughter weight and FCR when the birds are close to the average slaughter weight and a heat wave is expected. Strain differences in RT measurements also indicate the importance of choosing strains to be used in hot and warm climate conditions with attention to the thermoregulation ability of broilers.

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Genetic parameters for test day milk yields of Holstein Friesian cows have been estimated using a random regression model (RRM). Data consisted of 1487 monthly test day milk yield records of cows calving between 1987 and 1993 in Sarmısaklı Farm, Turkey. Data were restricted to have at least 150d and at maximum 308d length of first lactations. Additive genetic and permanent environmental (co)variances were modeled with the same order polynomial regressions. Residual (measurement) error variance was assumed to be constant throughout lactation. The quadratic (k=3) order orthogonal polynomial regression was found to be sufficient. Heritability estimates for test day milk yields were high at the middle of the lactation and ranged from 0.07 to 0.32. Genetic correlations of milk yields between consecutive test days were high, but decreased as the interval between tests days increased. Genetic correlations ranged from 0.51 to 0.99. Residual error variance was estimated 13.77 kg.