Activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) is a stress response transcription factor of the cAMP-responsive element-binding/ATF family. Earlier, we reported that ATF5 expression is up-regulated in response to stress, such as amino acid limitation or arsenite exposure. Although ATF5 is widely expressed in the brain and the olfactory epithelium, the role of ATF5 is not fully understood. Here, the olfactory bulbs (OBs) of ATF5-deficient mice are smaller than those of wild-type mice. Histological analysis reveals the disturbed laminar structure of the OB, showing the thinner olfactory nerve layer, and a reduced number of interneurons. This is mainly due to the reduced number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive proliferating cells in the subventricular zone, where the interneuron progenitors are formed and migrate to the OBs. Moreover, the olfaction-related aggressive behavior of ATF5-deficient mice is reduced compared to wild-type mice. Our data suggest that ATF5 plays a crucial role in mouse OB development via interneuron.
An abnormal female producing only female progeny was found in Lymantria dispar in Hokkaido, Japan, in July 1996. Similarly, its progeny produced only females. Egg hatch rates were near 50% in all-female matrilines. Therefore, a certain cytoplasmic factor was thought to kill males in eggs di erentially, resulting in only female hosts. In the next generation, the ®eld population was estimated to contain 9.1% abnormal females. Severe inbreeding depression was also observed in egg hatch rates during con®rmation of maternal inheritance. The cost of inbreeding was estimated at 0.395, which is one of the highest in insects. Inbreeding avoidance by their host has been cited as one of the advantages of a male-killing factor, but we suggest that this is not applicable in this moth.
ABSTRACT. 1. In order to estimate the absolute larval density in each stage of a larval population of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., in a deciduous forest in northern Japan, the head‐capsule collection method was used. An estimate by this method was compared with estimates based on two kinds of frass collection methods.
2. Twenty‐one traps made of cloth were put in a study plot. Each trap was of 24.5 cm diameter. Larval head‐capsules falling into the traps were collected and sorted by hand. On the first sampling occasion, the population was also estimated using the frass‐collection method.
3. Larval numbers estimated by the head‐capsule collection method were almost identical to estimates by the two frass methods. Larval numbers entering the four larval instar were successfully estimated by the head‐capsule collection method, and an age‐specific life table was established using the resultant estimates.
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