Blastocyst formation gives rise to the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) and is followed by the differentiation of the epiblast (Epi) and primitive endoderm (PrE) within the ICM. Although these two-round cell lineage differentiations underpin proper embryogenesis in every mammal, their spatiotemporal dynamics are quite diverse among species. Here, molecular details of the blastocyst stage in cattle were dissected using an optimized in vitro culture method. Blastocyst embryos were placed on agarose gel filled with nutrient-rich media to expose embryos to both gaseous and liquid phases. Embryos derived from this "ongel" culture were transferred to surrogate mothers on day (D) 10 after fertilization and successfully implanted. Immunofluorescent studies using on-gel-cultured embryos revealed that the proportion of TE cells expressing the pluripotent ICM marker, OCT4, which was beyond 80% on D8, was rapidly reduced after D9 and reached 0% on D9.5. This first lineage segregation process was temporally parallel with the second one, identified by the spatial separation of Epi cells expressing SOX2 and PrE cells expressing SOX17. RNA-seq comparison of TE cells from D8 in vitro fertilized embryos and D14 in vivo embryos revealed that besides drastic
Conclusions:In this patient, only pattern-sensitive seizures occurred, and only self-induced seizures after age 10 years. The seizures were primarily myoclonic with rare generalized tonic-clonic seizures. She also displayed obsessive behavior toward patterns. She did not have photosensitive seizures, and her EEGs showed no photosensitivity. This is not in accordance with the previous reports on the close relation between pattern-sensitive and photosensitive epilepsy. Her low intelligence quotient was mostly caused by her poor visual memory. This suggests that pattern-sensitive epilepsy is linked to focal dysfunction involving the occipital lobe.
Acute Encephalitis or Encephalopathy Present with Frequent Complex Partial Seizures That Directly Evolve to Partial Epilepsy:A Clinical Study of Five Pediatric Cases. Mamiko Ishitobi, Katsuya Yamamoto, Masaru Takayanagi, and Hiroshi Nakagawa (Department of Pediatrics, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai, Japan).Purpose: Attention has recently been directed to pediatric cases of a peculiar type of postencephalitic or encephalopathic epilepsy proposed by Awaya et al. This type is characterized by an abrupt onset of frequent refractory complex partial seizures followed by the development of partial epilepsy. There is no seizure-free interval, and the seizuretype is fundamentally the same as that in the acute phase. Therefore, it is hard to distinguish the encephalitis/encephalopathy-related seizures from epileptic ones as its sequela. The pathomechanism of this syndrome remains unknown, even though viral infection has been postulated. After studying our cases, we looked for those in this category to elucidate its clinical characteristics.Methods: Five cases (two boys and three girls) with this syndrome were selected for this study from 53 pediatric patients with acute encephalopathy or encephalitis. These patients had been treated at Sendai City Hospital during the years from 1986 to J996. This is an incidence of 9.4%. Clinical features such as cerebrospinal fluid and EEG findings, neuroimaging, prognosis of epileptic seizures, and mental status were investigated.
Results:The age at onset ranged from 4 to 14 years. All cases had no significant previous or family history. In all cases, there was an antecedent infection. Seizure type during the acute phase consisted of complex partial seizures with or without secondarily generalized tonicclonic convulsions. All had a high fever during the acute stage. The interictal EEG revealed generalized high-voltage slow waves, and the ictal EEG showed diffuse spike-and-wave discharges developing from temporal or occipital spike foci. Mild cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis was noted in two cases. The five cases were divided into two groups according to their clinical severity. In the severe group (three cases), the seizures during the acute phase were highly refractory. Pentobarbital (PTB) was administered to two of the three cases. The duration of the acute phase ranged from 1 to 5 months. The computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imagi...
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