Mast cells perform a significant role in the host defense against parasitic and some bacterial infections. Here we show that in the dog, degranulation of brain mast cells evokes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses via histamine release. A large number of mast cells were found in a circumscribed ventral region of the hypothalamus, including the pars tuberalis and median eminence. When these intracranial mast cells were passively sensitized with immunoglobulin E via either the intracerebroventricular or intravenous route, there was a marked increase in the adrenal cortisol secretion elicited by a subsequent antigenic challenge (whether this was delivered via the central or peripheral route). Comp.48/80, a mast cell secretagogue, also increased cortisol secretion when administered intracerebroventricularly. Pretreatment (intracerebroventricularly) with anti-corticotropin–releasing factor antibodies or a histamine H1 blocker, but not an H2 blocker, attenuated the evoked increases in cortisol. These data show that in the dog, degranulation of brain mast cells evokes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses via centrally released histamine and corticotrophin-releasing factor. On the basis of these data, we suggest that intracranial mast cells may act as an allergen sensor, and that the activated adrenocortical response may represent a life-saving host defense reaction to a type I allergy.

We have examined the potential bactericidal activities of several tetramic acids derived from Pseudomonas autoinducers against Clostridium difficile, a cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Clinical isolates of C. difficile (n ‫؍‬ 4) were incubated in broth with a chemically synthesized Pseudomonas autoinducer and its tetramic acid derivatives. The structure-activity relationship and the mechanisms of action were examined by a time-killing assay and by determination of the morphological/ staining characteristics. The use of some tetramic acids derived from N-3-oxododecanoyl L-homoserine lactone resulted in more than 3-log reductions in the viability of C. difficile within 30 min at 30 M. The outer membrane was suggested to be one of the targets for the bactericidal activity of tetramic acid, because disturbance of the bacterial outer surface was demonstrated by alteration of the Gram-staining characteristic and electron microscopy. The data for the tetramic acid derivatives demonstrate that the keto-enol structure and the length of the acyl side chain of tetramic acid may be essential for the antibacterial activity of this molecule. These results suggest the potential for tetramic acid derivatives to be novel agents with activity against C. difficile.

Molecular association of malachite green (MG) in single micrometer-sized water droplets dispersed in din-butyl phthalate was studied by means of scanning laser manipulation and absorption spectroscopy to elucidate characteristic features of chemical processes at the droplet/oil interface. At a high MG concentration, the droplet showed a new absorption band around 580 nm in addition to the monomer band at 615 nm. Analyses of the concentration-dependent absorption spectrum of MG in the droplet indicated that the band at 580 nm could be assigned to that of the MG dimer. The dimer formation of MG in the water droplet was shown to be facilitated with decreasing the droplet diameter, demonstrating the micrometer size effect on dye association. A role of the water/oil interface for the MG dimer formation is discussed.

We have developed mouse monoclonal antibodies (AHA-1-5, all IgG1 sub-isotype mAbs) against histamine (HA) conjugated to bovine serum albumin using glutaraldehyde-NaBH4. Among these, AHA-1 mAb was found to be the most useful for HA immunocytochemistry (ICC) in terms of specificity and sensitivity without non-specific immunobinding. AHA-1 was demonstrated to be specific to HA with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) binding test, simulating the ICC of tissue sections, and not reactive to any of the other amino acids and peptides with N-terminal histidine tested. By use of this antibody, indirect immunoperoxidase staining was observed in rat stomach fixed with glutaraldehyde (GA) in combination with NaBH4 reduction. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was seen in tissue fixed only with GA. Absorption controls indicated that the immunostaining could be completely inhibited by GA-conjugated HA, which was consistent with the results of an ELISA inhibition test. No cross-reactivity occurred with other GA-conjugated amino acids. ICC staining was dense in the cytoplasm of gastric enterochromaffin-like cells and very weak in mast cells. A new finding was that staining was noticed in some cell bands of the intermediate layer between the stratum lucidum and the stratum corneum of the stratified squamous epithelium of the gastric cardia, esophagus, tongue, and skin in rats. The results strongly suggest that the monoclonal antibody allowed highly specific detection of HA in animal tissues.

In the rat parathyroid, the mean number of storage granules (NSG) per chief cell has been electron-microscopically studied and correlated with the mean serum calcium level (SCL). In animals given 4% CaCl2 plus vitamin D2 for 3 days. SCL is significantly elevated and NSG is increased. When these animals are injected with 2% EDTA, SCl is lowered to 8 mg/dl, but NSG is not affected; in those injected with 4% EDTA, however, SCL declines to a minimum (5.8 mg/dl) after 30 min, and NSG is also decreased. Control SCL are 8.9 mg/dl. These results indicate that storage granules may not be released until SCL is depressed to a certain level. In rats 3 weeks after castration, the chief cells show hyperplastic changes and SCl is at a low concentration (8.0 mg/dl). NSG, however, remains almost within control limits. Castrated animals injected with 4% EDTA show a hypocalcemia and a decrease in NSG, but NSG gradually recovers over a period of 6 h. These data suggest that storage granules can be produced even under lower calcium concentrations. It is concluded that storage granules may be constantly produced and stored, and are released only as an emergency supply of hormone.

The effect of intracerebroventricular infusion of compound 48/80 (C48/80), a mast cell secretagogue, on adrenal cortisol secretion was investigated in dogs under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia. A marked increase in adrenal cortisol secretion was elicited by C48/80 along with a concomitant increase in the plasma levels of cortisol and immunoreactive ACTH, but neither arterial blood pressure and heart rate nor the plasma histamine level altered significantly. Pretreatment with either anti-CRF antiserum or pyrilamine maleate (H(1) histamine-receptor antagonist) significantly attenuated the C48/80-evoked increase in cortisol secretion, but pretreatment with metiamide (H(2)-receptor antagonist) significantly potentiated it. Significant attenuation of the C48/80-evoked increase in cortisol also occurred in dogs given ketotifen, a mast cell stabilizing drug, before pharmacologic challenge. In the pars tuberalis and median eminence (ME), mast cells were highly concentrated in close association with the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal system. Degranulated mast cells were extensively found in the ME of C48/80-treated animals. These results suggest that mast cells located in these regions liberated histamine within the brain as a result of degranulation induced by C48/80 and that this led to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.

Angular and velocity distributions of product CO2 were measured in CO oxidation photoinduced by 193 nm laser pulses of 16 ns duration on a stepped Pt(113) surface. At low oxygen and CO coverages, the CO2 desorption was collimated at ±23° from the surface normal in a plane along step edges. CO2 is formed by the collision between CO on an atop site and translationally hot oxygen atoms emitted along the axes of oxygen molecules that lie along the step edge, resulting in declined desorption due to momentum transfer from the hot atoms. With increasing oxygen coverage, new components collimating at the (111) terrace and (100) step normal became major, while an increase in the CO coverage enhanced the CO2 desorption collimated in the normal direction. It is likely that at high coverage the reaction sites extend to (111) and (100) microfacets and also to surface troughs, yielding the above three components. The translational temperature of product CO2 was often maximized at around angles where the CO2 desorption is collimated.

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