The human dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) is of major interest in molecular studies of schizophrenia and personality traits. We examined the association of schizophrenia and polymorphisms in the upstream region of the DRD4 gene (Ϫ768GϾA in the negative modulator region; Ϫ521CϾT, Ϫ376CϾT, and Ϫ291CϾT in the cell typespecific promoter region; and Ϫ616CϾG between the two regions) in 208 schizophrenic patients and 210 normal controls. No significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies was observed between the two groups, indicating that these polymorphisms do not make a major contribution to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We also studied the association of polymorphisms in the upstream region and a 48-bp repeat polymorphism in exon III of the DRD4 gene with personality traits in 173 Japanese individuals who completed the temperament and character inventory (TCI). The Ϫ768GϾA polymorphism was significantly associated with reward dependence (P ϭ 0.044), while no significant association was observed between novelty seeking and polymorphisms in the upstream region or the exon III repeat polymorphism of the DRD4 gene.
A pixel circuit and a gate driver on array for light-emitting display are presented. By simultaneously utilizing top-gate n-type oxide and p-type lowtemperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) thin-film transistors (TFTs), the circuits provide high refresh rate and low power consumption. An active-matrix LED (AMOLED) panel with proposed circuits is fabricated, and driving at various refresh rate ranging from 1 to 120 Hz could be achieved.
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