The Global Burden of Disease 2015 study aims to use all available data of sufficient quality to generate reliable and valid prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) estimates of oral conditions for the period of 1990 to 2015. Since death as a direct result of oral diseases is rare, DALY estimates were based on years lived with disability, which are estimated only on those persons with unmet need for dental care. We used our data to assess progress toward the Federation Dental International, World Health Organization, and International Association for Dental Research’s oral health goals of reducing the level of oral diseases and minimizing their impact by 2020. Oral health has not improved in the last 25 y, and oral conditions remained a major public health challenge all over the world in 2015. Due to demographic changes, including population growth and aging, the cumulative burden of oral conditions dramatically increased between 1990 and 2015. The number of people with untreated oral conditions rose from 2.5 billion in 1990 to 3.5 billion in 2015, with a 64% increase in DALYs due to oral conditions throughout the world. Clearly, oral diseases are highly prevalent in the globe, posing a very serious public health challenge to policy makers. Greater efforts and potentially different approaches are needed if the oral health goal of reducing the level of oral diseases and minimizing their impact is to be achieved by 2020. Despite some challenges with current measurement methodologies for oral diseases, measurable specific oral health goals should be developed to advance global public health.

Increased expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the brain has been extensively documented in association with a variety of insults, including ischemia, and is suggested to play a role in cell survival and recovery after ischemic injury. To more directly assess the protective role of HSP70 during ischemic brain damage, we used transgenic mice overexpressing the rat HSP70 (HSP70tg mice). In contrast to wild‐type (wt) littermates, high levels of HSP70 messenger RNA and protein were detected in brains of HSP70tg mice under normal conditions, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed primarily neuronal expression of HSP70. Heterozygous HSP70tg mice and their wt littermates were subjected to permanent focal cerebral ischemia by intraluminal blockade of the middle cerebral artery. Cerebral infarction after 6 hours of ischemia, as evaluated by Nissl staining, was significantly less in HSP70tg mice compared with wt mice. This reduction in infarction volume in HSP70tg mice was not attributable to an altered cardiovascular anatomy or to initial differences in body temperature or hemodynamic parameters. The HSP70tg mice were still protected against cerebral infarction 24 hours after permanent focal ischemia. The data suggest that HSP70 can markedly protect the brain against ischemic damage and that approaches aimed at inducing HSP70 may lead to new therapeutic interventions in cerebrovascular injuries. Ann Neurol 2000;47:782–791

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ABSTRACT. The Listeria monocytogenes-carrying rates were 100% for listeriosis patients and 1.3% for healthy humans. The L. monocytogenes contamination rates for retail sliced beef (34.2%) and pork (36.4%) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those for cattle (2.0%) and pigs (0.8%) and for cattle (4.9%) and swine (7.4%) carcasses. The percentages of serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b and 4b which are most dominant in human patients were high in isolates from fresh (90.0%) and processed (100%) fish and shellfish and imported natural cheese (96.7%). -KEY WORDS: Listeria monocytogenes, meat, serotype J. Vet. Med. Sci. 60(12): 1341-1343, 1998 A 1-g portion of stool and intestinal content samples was enriched in 9 ml UVM medium (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) or EB medium (Difco). The swabs were each added to 9 ml of an enrichment medium. Samples of natural cheese (25 g) and meat and fresh and processed seafoods (10 g each) were each placed in a stomacher bag containing 225 ml or 90 ml of the enrichment medium, and homogenized for 1 min with a stomacher. The stomacher bags were incubated at 30°C for 48 hr. Two to three loopfuls of the cultured enrichment medium from the stomacher bags were streaked on a plate of Oxford agar medium (Oxoid, Unipath Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, England) or PALCAM agar medium (Merck Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J.) supplemented with amphotericin B (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) at a concentration of 6 µg/ml to inhibit the growth of mycetes and the plates were incubated at 30°C for 48 hr. Slightly flat colonies with brownish color in the periphery, which is characteristic of Listeria, were subcultured on Tryptose Agar medium (Difco). The colonies developed on Tryptose Agar medium were observed under a low power microscope with obliquely reflected light and blue greenish colonies were selected [12]. Identification was carried out by Gram staining, catalase and VP tests, observation of umbrella-like growth and motility in semiliquid Brain Heart Infusion Agar medium (Difco), utilization of rhamnose, xylose and mannitol, β-hemolysis on 5% sheep blood Tryptic Soy Agar medium (Difco) and the CAMP test [12] with Staphylococcus aureus JTE 88-221 and Rhodococcus equi JTE 89-387 .The factor sera were prepared by hyperimmunizing rabbits (Japan Laboratory Animals, Inc., Tokyo) with each of 12 reference strains, L. monocytogenes JTE 88-178 to JTE , by the method of Seeliger and Höhne [11]: 11 kinds of somatic (O) antigen factor sera and four kinds of flagellum (H) antigen factor sera were obtained. Serotyping was conducted by O and H agglutination reactions on microplates [1]. Description of the serotypes of the isolates was followed after Seeliger and Höhne [11].As shown in Table 1, the L. monocytogenes-carrying rates