We studied and compared the effects of chloramphenicol antibiotic and garlic (Allium sativum), used as immunostimulants and growth promoters, on some physiological parameters, growth performance, survival rate, and bacteriological characteristics of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish (7±1g/fish) were assigned to eight treatments, with three replicates each. Treatment groups had a different level of Allium sativum (10, 20, 30, and 40g/kg diet) and chloramphenicol (15, 30, and 45mg/kg diet) added to their diets; the control group diet was free from garlic and antibiotic. Diets also contained 32% crude protein (CP) and were administered at a rate of 3% live body weight twice daily for 90 days. Results showed that the final weight and specific growth rate (SGR) of O. niloticus increased significantly with increasing levels of Allium sativum and chloramphenicol. The highest growth performance was verified with 30g Allium sativum / kg diet and 30mg chloramphenicol / kg diet. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed with 30g Allium sativum / kg diet and 30mg chloramphenicol / kg diet. There were significant differences in the protein efficiency ratio (PER) with all treatments, except with 45mg chloramphenicol / kg diet. No changes in the hepatosomatic index and survival rate were observed. Crude protein content in whole fish increased significantly in the group fed on 30g Allium sativum / kg diet, while total lipids decreased significantly in the same group. Ash of whole fish showed significantly high values with 30g Allium sativum and 15mg chloramphenicol / kg diet while the lowest value was observed in the control group. Blood parameters, erythrocyte count (RBC), and hemoglobin content in fish fed on diets containing 40g Allium sativum and all levels of chloramphenicol were significantly higher than in control. Significantly higher hematocrit values were seen with 30 and 45mg chloramphenicol / kg diet. There were no significant differences in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Plasma glucose decreased significantly with increasing levels of Allium sativum but increased significantly with increasing levels of chloramphenicol. Total lipids were significantly reduced with diets containing 40g Allium sativum and 30mg chloramphenicol / kg diet, while total plasma protein content was significantly higher in fish fed on diets containing 10, 20, and 30g Allium sativum, and 30 and 45mg chloramphenicol / kg diet. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities in plasma decreased significantly with increasing levels of Allium sativum and chloramphenicol. All Allium sativum and chloramphenicol levels decreased total bacteria and coliforms in water, muscles and intestine when compared to the control group. Treated groups had lower mortality rate than the control group during the challenge test. In conclusion, it can be suggested that adding 3% Allium sativum to fish diet can promote growth, reduce total bacteria, and improve fis...

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The highest values of PER and PPV were obtained with 25% CP at low (1.913 and 30.54%, respectively) and high density (1.720 and 26.64%, respectively) with significant difference (PO.01).Moisture was significantly affected by protein level only (PO.05), while crude protein, total lipids and ash were significantly affected by protein level and stocking density. The highest protein content in fish body was obtained with 45% CP at low and high densities (58.0% and 57.9%, respectively; P>0.05). The highest content of body lipids was observed in fish fed 25% protein diet at low and high densities (32,8 and 31.0%, respectively; P>0.05). The highest content of carcass ash was noticed in fish fed 45% protein diet at low and high densities with significant difference (15.6% and 16.8%, respectively; P<0,05).

_^ifferent doses of 17 a-methyltestosterone hormone (MT) used as I) growth promoter was administrated to Nile tilapia; Oreochromis niloticus in fishmeal based pelleted diet for 90 days. The obtained results showed that low doses of 0.5, L0 and 2.5 mg MT/kg feed were not effective meanwhile the dose of 5.0 mg/kg was the optimum effective one in promoting significant final weight, weight gain and SGR of Nile tilapia. HSI was insignificantly changed at low MT doses, and slightly increased at high MT doses. Male and female GSI was significantly decreased at high MT doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg), while insignificant changes were observed at low doses. Feed intake and FCR were slightly changed at different doses of MT. The higher PER was obtained with moderate MT doses and the least ones were obtained with 20, 40 mg/kg or control. The changes in erythrocyte counts, haemoglobin content, haematecrit value and plasma glucose showed insignificant differences at all treatments. A significant reduction of plasma total protein was observed in fish fed 40 mg MT/kg, whereas it was insignificantly changed with other treatments. in contrast, the highest level in plasma total lipids was obtained at 40 mg MT/kg. In fish plasma, the activity of ALT was the highest with control fish and that fed low doses of 0.5-2.5 mg MT/kg, while the least one was obtained with 40 mg/kg. In contrast, AST activity was significantly increased with high MT doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg, while there were no significant changes among other treatments. The higher 2 Mohammad H. Ahmad et at. activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was obtained at low MT doses (0 to 2.5 mg/kg), after which ALP activities decreased to reach the lowest one at 40 mg/kg. Hepatic ALT and AST activities were increased with increasing MT doses where the maximum ALT and AST activities were obtained at 40 mg/kg, while the minimum ones were obtained at MT doses of 0 to 5 mg/kg. In fish muscle, the activity of ALT and AST showed significant reduction with increasing MT doses where the minimum one was obtained with 40 mg/kg. On the other hand, AST activity was insignificantly changed at all treatments.

Microplastics (MPs) have been documented in different foodstuffs and beverages, that could affect human health due to their ingestion. Furthermore, seafood contamination with MPs puts pillars of food availability and utilization at risk. The present study investigates MPs and toxic elements pollution in commercially canned fishes from Taif governorate markets. Seven different canned fishes’ brands were used in the present study from different manufacturer countries and purchased from Taif markets. Tissue samples were digested by 10% of KOH; then, dry filters were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to detect MPs. Filtrates were used to detect any potentially toxic elements by inductively coupled plasma. Different MPs were detected in edible tissue, such as canned Tuna contaminated with nylon, 1,2-polybutadiene, and ethylene vinyl alcohol. Sardines contain ethylene vinyl alcohol and poly(vinyl stearate), but Salmon does not have any MPs. Different elements were present in the selected samples in the decreasing order of Al > Se > Zn and traces of As and Sb. Canned fishes were contaminated with MPs and potentially toxic elements. This contamination could be a warning of the potential health risks with the long-term exposure. Therefore, it is recommended to include micro-, meso-, and even nanoplastics in the guidelines of testing food safety management systems.

F ive experimental diets were formulated to contain various percentages of black seed cake (BSC) as a partial replacement for soybean meal (SBM). The substitution levels were 0 (control), 10, 30, 50, and 70% of crude protein of BSC that replaced the same percentages of crude protein from soybean meal. All diets were isonitrogenous (35% crude protein) and isocaloric (477.49 Kcal/100 g diet) and protein energy ratio ranged from 72.90 to 74.34 mg protein/Kcal gross energy. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings were randomly distributed at stocking density of 20 fish per aquarium. The average initial weight offish ranged from 16.0 to 17.5 g/fish. Each three aquaria (represented three replicates) of one treatment were fed on one of the experimental diets. Diets were given to fish at a rate of 3% of live body weight for 90 day. The daily feed was offered twice daily.The obtained results revealed that the highest final weight, weight gain and SGR were recorded in fish group reared on diet 10% BSC 35.48, 16.09 (g/fish) and 0.81 (%/day) respectively, while the lowest values were recorded in fish group fed control 33.21, 16.09 (g/fish) and 0.47 (%/day) respectively. No significant differences in SGR, FCR, feed intake, survival rate and hepatosomatic index were observed among different treatments.Results of DM, CP and ash in fish body composition did not show any significant differences under all treatments. Differences were significant in crude fat (P<0.05) among fish groups fed 70% BSC and either fed control or 50% BSC.Concerning nutrients digestibility, results showed that crude protein and gross energy values under BSC diets were lower than 32 'YassirA.Khattab those in control. The values of apparent protein digestibility, apparent carbohydrate digestibility and apparent gross energy digestibility were higher in fish groups fed BSC diets than that of the control group.