Tramadol use was common among adolescents and over one third of tramadol users had drug-related problems. Population-based longitudinal studies are needed to investigate tramadol use and the possible role of tramadol as a gateway drug in the development of substance abuse in Egypt.

Objective. This study identifies the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems and the associated factors in orphanage children. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in three private orphanages in Cairo. Two hundred sixty-five children of ages ranging from 6 to 12 years living in three different orphanages care systems were included in the study. A sociodemographic information form and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were used. Children were clinically interviewed and psychiatric disorders were identified. Diagnoses were done according to the manual for diagnosis and statistics of mental disorder fourth version (DSMIV). A written formal consent from the director of social solidarity was obtained before inclusion in the study. Results. The prevalence of behavioral disturbances was 64.53% among those in institutional care and the most prominent psychiatric disorders were nocturnal enuresis (23.3%), attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder (ADHD) (19.62%), oppositional defiant disorder (17.36%). Age at first admission, causes of receiving institutional care, and moves 2 or more times between institutions were significantly associated with an increased risk of behavioral and emotional problems. Conclusion. Our study showed that children living in institutions are prone to suffer from psychiatric disorders. Stability of the caregiver acts as a protective variable.

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ABSTRACT

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of and attitudes toward eating disorders among female nurses. Participants and methods Female nurses who were under training in Alamal Psychiatric Complex Medina constituted the participants of the study. Nurses were differentiated into two groups: group A, with BMI below 20, and group B with BMI equal to or above 20. Group A and group B were subjected to a two-stage epidemiological study. In the first stage, Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT 26) and Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh were used. In the second stage, Structured Clinical Interview of DSM-IV (SCID) was administered on nurses who had a score above the cutoff points. ResultsAnorexia nervosa was not diagnosed in any nurse (0%). Twelve (3.2%) nurses were diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. Thirteen (3.5%) nurses were diagnosed with binge eating and five (1.4%) nurses were diagnosed with eating disorder not otherwise specified. Both bulimic and oral subscales of EAT 26 were higher in group A than in group B (Po0.001 and < 0.05, respectively). No significant difference was found between the two groups in the two subscales of Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh. Conclusion Among female nurses, bulimia nervosa, binge eating, and eating disorders not otherwise specified were common, whereas anorexia nervosa was not found. This must warrant the development of specific strategies for early detection and proper management.