Space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry (InSAR) is now a key geophysical tool for surface deformation studies. The European Commission’s Sentinel-1 Constellation began acquiring data systematically in late 2014. The data, which are free and open access, have global coverage at moderate resolution with a 6 or 12-day revisit, enabling researchers to investigate large-scale surface deformation systematically through time. However, full exploitation of the potential of Sentinel-1 requires specific processing approaches as well as the efficient use of modern computing and data storage facilities. Here we present Looking Into Continents from Space with Synthetic Aperture Radar (LiCSAR), an operational system built for large-scale interferometric processing of Sentinel-1 data. LiCSAR is designed to automatically produce geocoded wrapped and unwrapped interferograms and coherence estimates, for large regions, at 0.001° resolution (WGS-84 coordinate system). The products are continuously updated at a frequency depending on prioritised regions (monthly, weekly or live update strategy). The products are open and freely accessible and downloadable through an online portal. We describe the algorithms, processing, and storage solutions implemented in LiCSAR, and show several case studies that use LiCSAR products to measure tectonic and volcanic deformation. We aim to accelerate the uptake of InSAR data by researchers as well as non-expert users by mass producing interferograms and derived products.

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Ground deformation can cause serious environmental issues such as infrastructure damage, ground compaction, and reducing the ground capacity to store water. Mashhad, as one of the largest and most populated cities in the Middle East, has been suffering from extreme subsidence. In the last decade, some researchers have been interested in measuring land subsidence rates in the Mashhad valley by InSAR techniques. However, most of those studies were based on inaccurate measurements introducing uncertainties in the resulting subsidence rates. These researches used a small number of EnviSat data with long perpendicular and inhomogeneous temporal baseline. This paper seeks to determine the subsidence rate in urban areas of Mashhad in recent years, the threat that was neglected by the city managers and decision-makers. For this purpose, the Persistent Scatterer inSAR technique was applied in the study area using two time-series of descending and ascending Sentinel-1A acquisitions between 2014 and 2017. The results demonstrated the maximum line-ofsight deformation rate of 14.6 cm/year and maximum vertical deformation (subsidence) rate about 19.1 cm/year which could have irreversible consequences. The results were assessed and validated using piezometric data, GPS stations, and geotechnical properties. This assessment confirms that the main reason for subsidence in the interested area is groundwater over-extraction. Also, investigation of geotechnical properties shows that thick fine-grained layers in the northwest of the city could strongly affect the results. At the end of this paper, a new simplified method was proposed to estimate specific storage in special cases to predict the subsidence rate. Ground deformation has been reported as one of the severe geological hazards around the world 1. It is mainly due to the fact that anthropogenic activities such as fluid extraction or injection, underground excavations, and expanding construction have been increased in many regions as a forthcoming problem 2-5. Multiple studies have reported that several areas are suffering from land subsidence as a result of fluid overextraction. These areas include but are not limited to cities in

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It has been recognized that the continents do not deform like the oceans and continental deformation represents a significant departure from the kinematic rules of plate tectonics (England & McKenzie, 1982;Tapponnier & Molnar, 1976). However, the kinematics and dynamics of continental tectonics are still unclear. Despite decades of study, large continental earthquakes continue to surprise us, for example, by occurring in unexpected locations (e.g., the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence, Ross et al., 2019), or exhibiting remarkable complexity (e.g., the 2016 M W 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake, Hamling et al., 2017). On 21 May 2021, a strong (M W ∼ 7.4) earthquake (referred to here as the Maduo earthquake) hit Maduo County in eastern Tibetan Plateau, rupturing a fault away from the main crustal block boundaries hypothesized for this region. We measure and model the coseismic,

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