Faculty of Medicine/Suez Canal University (FOM/SCU) students are exposed to clinical practice in primary care settings within the community, in which they encounter patients and begin to work within interprofessional health teams. However, there is no planned curricular interaction with learners from other professions at the learning sites. As in other schools, FOM/SCU faces major challenges with the coordination of community-based education (CBE) program, which include the complexity of the design required for Interprofessional Education (IPE) as well as the attitudinal barriers between professions. The aim of the present review is to: (i) describe how far CBE activities match the requirements of IPE, (ii) explore opinions of graduates about the effectiveness of IPE activities, and (iii) present recommendations for improvement. Graduates find the overall outcome of their IPE satisfactory and believe that it produces physicians who are familiar with the roles of other professions and can work in synergy for the sake of better patient care. However, either a specific IPE complete module needs to be developed or more IPE specific objectives need to be added to current modules. Moreover, coordination with stakeholders from other health profession education institutes needs to be maximized to achieve more effective IPE.
We compared arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) control in 9 to 11 week old obese Zucker rats (n=10; weight = 452 ± 45 g, average ± SD) to age-matched, lean Zucker animals (n=13; weight = 280 ± 46 g). BP was measured by indwelling catheter. Baseline pressure was 113.1 ± 7.0 mm Hg in the lean vs. 111.7 ± 5.6 in the obese rats (NS). Baseline HR was 413 ± 43 in the lean vs. 422 ± 22 bpm in the obese animals (NS). Rats were classically conditioned by following a 15-sec. tone (CS+) with a 0.5-sec. tail shock. There were no between group differences in the BP response to CS+. Conversely, heart rate (HR) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) more during the last 10 seconds of the tone in the lean group (−46.0 ± 21.5 bpm) vs. the obese (−17.8 ± 21.7 bpm). This bradycardia was blocked by atropine. Finally, the change in HR divided by the change in arterial BP (ΔHR/ΔBP) following an intravenous bolus of phenylephrine (PE; 5 μg/kg) and following sodium nitroprusside (NP; 5 μg/kg) was determined. The ΔHR/ΔBP following PE was smaller in the obese (n=6; −1.36 ± 0.60) vs. lean (n=5; −2.80 ± 0.92); there was no difference in the response following NP. These data indicate that the BP response to a challenge did not differ in the obese rat vs. the lean animal, but that the obese subjects had an attenuated parasympathetic response to the stress, probably secondary to alterations in baroreflex function.
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