Recent archaeological excavations carried out in the western suburbs of Cordoba (Spain) brought to light numerous fragments of archaeological glass from the caliphal period (929–1031 CE). The typological and compositional analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of 66 fragments enabled the identification of different types of base glass and glass working techniques, identifying local productions, imports and decorative imitations of eastern models. The studied fragments include Mesopotamian, Levantine, Egyptian and possibly Sicilian soda-rich plant ash glass categories, and various glass-decorating techniques such as mould-blowing, pressing, cutting, staining or gilding. The systematic comparison of the trace element patterns of several relief-cut objects identified both imported ware and a locally manufactured sample, whereas all mould-blown pieces were made from locally sourced raw materials. Iberian glassworkers seem to have preferred mould-blowing, probably because of the distinct working properties of locally available high lead glass. The results thus confirm the continuous long-distance exchange of vitreous material, as well as the existence of multiple glassmaking centres in the Iberian Peninsula, illustrating a link between secondary glass working techniques and chemical composition. Furthermore, the identification of several fragments belonging to the same object based on chemical composition allowed us to reconstruct entire vessels and thereby expand the repertoire of known typologies circulating in Umayyad Spain.
RESUMENEn este artículo se presenta el estudio tipológico del conjunto de vidrios aparecidos en Ciudad de Vascos (Navalmoralejo, Toledo) (ss. X-XI) depositados en el Museo de Santa Cruz en Toledo (España). En Vascos el vidrio es un material escaso, solo un número limitado de fragmentos han sido recuperados tras cuatro décadas de excavaciones arqueológicas en el yacimiento. A pesar de ello se ha documentado un variado utillaje similar al de otros ajuares andalusíes que incluye vajilla de mesa (vasos, copas, botellas y redomas), elementos de adorno (piedras de anillo y cuentas), perfumería y cuidado personal (sublimadores o ventosas, ungüentarios, ampollas y tapones). En el conjunto es destacable la presencia de vidrios planos decorativos, posiblemente utilizados como decoración arquitectónica. El color de los vidrios varía entre los incoloros, verdes, amarillentos, azules y blancos, pero también están presentes los púrpura-morados. La aparición de fragmentos de vidrio púrpura-morado antecede a otros ejemplos conocidos y plantean la necesidad de reconsiderar la cronología de este tipo de vidrios en al-Andalus. Palabras clave: Vidrio, al-Andalus, Toledo ABSTRACTThis article presents the typological study of the glass assemblage from the Ciudad de Vascos (Navalmoralejo, Toledo) (10th -11th century CE) that is now housed in the Museum of Santa Cruz in Toledo (Spain). Glass was evidently scarce at the Ciudad de Vascos. Accordingly, only a limited number of fragments have been recovered during the four decades of archaeological excavations at the site and these include diverse tableware objects (glasses, cups and flasks), ornament elements (ring glass gems and beads), for personal care and perfumery (suction pads or distillers, "toilet bottles" and caps). Remarkable is the presence of decorative flat glasses probably used for architectonical decoration. The colours of the glasses range from colourless, green, yellow, blue and white to deep purple. The deep purple glass fragments from Vascos predate previous Andalusian finds and thus necessitate a reconsideration of the relative chronology of this glass type in al-Andalus.Key words: Glass, al-Andalus, Toledo. Los vidrios de ciudad de Vascos (Toledo) (ss. X-XI)Glasses of Ciudad de Vascos (Toledo) (10th-11th C.AD) Jorge de Juan Ares* Yasmina Cáceres Gutiérrez** INTRODUCCIÓNEl yacimiento de Ciudad de Vascos constituye uno de los ejemplos mejor conocidos de una pequeña población fronteriza de al-Andalus. Se encuentra situado al sur del Sistema Central en la orilla sur del río Tajo. Un territorio que durante los siglos X y XI se configuró como la frontera entre al-Andalus y los reinos cristianos.Es un enclave urbano fortificado construido en el siglo X bajo el dominio de la dinastía Omeya, que fue completamente abandonado por su población a finales del siglo XI. Las excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas desde el año 1975 han dado lugar a una amplia bibliografía 1 , convirtiéndolo en un referente sobre la cultura material de este periodo en el centro peninsular.
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