The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of playing venue for pre-competition cortisol and state anxiety in university male basketball players. Ninety six players from public and private universities of Lahore have evaluated during eight competitive matches played at home (n=4) and away (n=4) venues. Blood samples were collected to analyze the cortisol concentrations by the ELISA assay and state anxiety was assessed using the CSAI-2 questionnaire. All the data collection took place before the pre-match warm-up. Data was analyzed by using paired sample t test. Results showed that cortisol was significantly (p-0.002) elevated on away ground, whereas, somatic state anxiety was markedly (p-0.001) increased on an opponents home ground. In conclusion, it is suggested that playing venue affects cortisol response and anxiety score values on away ground that results in psychological interventions for players to deal with all threats and stressful stimuli of playing venue factors affecting the players performance on an opponents home ground.
Self-talk is the process by which an individual may guide him/herself to accomplish a goal. Positive self-talk relates to the ability to overcome negative thinking. Those who practice positive self-talk are more likely not to suffer from negative thoughts. The present study aimed to examine the effect of self-talk on intervarsity male volleyball players' performance. For this purpose, we selected n=84 players with an age range between 18-25 (mean age =23.7±2.05) from all Pakistan Volleyball intervarsity competitions 2019-2020. The study of results convinced that the majority of athletes strongly agreed that positive self-talk had a significant optimistic effect on their performances and reduced negative feelings and emotions before and during competition. It has been exhibited that self-talk increments in recurrence as the event progresses to be more challenging or competitive.
Referees and officials are a very important part of competitive sports not only because of their impact on players' behaviors and game outcomes but also because they ensure that competitions are conducted safely according to specific rules of the game. The current study sought to evaluate the relationship of these various levels to perform in numerous aspects of officiating. A second purpose was to evaluate proposed sources of referee efficacy as predictors of referee efficacy levels and performance. Football referees (n=100) who were officially members of different sports playing departments of Pakistan included HEC, completed a survey questionnaire that measured the experience as an official. Categories of Football Referees were divided into three groups of age, 25-35, 36-45 and 46-55. The result reported that the age category of 46-55 years old football referees had an optimal level of self-efficacy than other age categories 25-35 and 36-45.
Sport pertains to any form of competitive physical activity or game that aims to use, maintain or improve physical ability. In women, the reproductive system is used to produce eggs (ova) to be fertilized and to provide the space along with conditions to allow a baby to develop. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of reproductive disorders in sportswomen. One hundred sportswomen with an age range between 18-25 (mean age= 23.7� 2.05) of various games and events like volleyball, athletics, swimming, shot put, hockey, handball, tennis, football, cricket and boxing were selected as a sample size from the Women Sports Department, University of the Punjab, Lahore. The findings of this study expressed that 46% of players were suffering from various gynaecological disorders after they participated in sports, whereas 54% of respondents were having normal functioning of their reproductive cycle. In conclusion, moderate physical activity and regular exercise can improve the reproductive health of female but heavy and strenuous exercise without appropriate rest is one of those factors which may endanger the normal functioning of the female reproductive cycle.
The most fatal disease, cancer is responsible for many significant health issues, physical impairments, fatalities, and morbidities across the globe. In terms of fatalities, it comes in second place globally. Even though tremendous progress has been made in the management of cancer progression, there are still many areas that require attention. Chemotherapy was linked to a lot of hazardous and undesirable side effects. Natural therapies, such as using plant-based products, help lessen the negative side effects of cancer treatments. Although numerous plants have demonstrated very promising anticancer capabilities in vitro and in vivo, the active anticancer components of many plants have not yet been determined. Botanists, pharmacologists, and chemists must work together to find novel lead anticancer components. It is accurate to say that the "Botanical Garden of the World" is the world's biggest producer of medicinal plants. Additionally, in addition to having inherent healing powers, medicinal plants offer food and other essentials for survival. Studies on these plants' potential as anticancer medicines have been prompted by both their traditional applications and scientific reports. Some of these items have even been promoted as cancer treatments. These plants may support host resistance to infection by restoring bodily homeostasis and conditioning bodily tissues. It is believed that the anticancer properties of medicinal plants are caused by the presence of antioxidants. Compared to medicinal plants, modern (allopathic) medications are poisonous, easily available, and expensive.
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