Introduction: The research for finding the most effective teaching methodis still on. The aim of current study was to find out the perceptions of dental interns after aproblem based learning (PBL) sessions on a topic of orthodontic case planning. Study Design:Experimental, Quasi study. Setting: Orthodontic Dental Section, Faisalabad Medical University.Period: 15.8.2017 to 5.2.2018. Materials & Methods: Thirty two dental interns were selectedat Orthodontic Dental Section, Faisalabad Medical University. On initial case planning sessions,baseline theoretical knowledge was provided on the topic of ‘Premolar extractions’. In betweenthe sessions dental interns were asked to answer five multiple choice questions relative to oneorthodontic case (OPG, Lateral cephalograms, Photographs) they were given. On a final caseplanning sessions, orthodontic case discussion case took place with an expert orthodontist,at the end of which dental interns were asked to rate their experiences about PBL sessionby filling questionnaire anonymously. Results: Results showed that dental interns perceivedPBL to stimulate their attentiveness, interest, and interactivity with fellow interns, motivation foradditional case study and learning efficacy. Conclusion: Perceptions of dental interns werepositive after a problem based learning attempt on a topic of orthodontic case planning.
ABSTRACT:With the acceleration of global warming glaciers are receding rapidly. Monitoring of glaciers are important because they caused outburst of floods the past. This research delivers a systematic approach for the assessment of glaciers i.e. Batura, Passu, Ghulkin and Gulmit cover along the Karakoram Highway. Main reason to select these glaciers was their closeness to Karakoram Highway which plays an important role in China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC). This study incorporates the techniques of Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing (GIS & RS). For this study, Landsat 4,5,7,8 images were taken for the years of 1994, 2002, 2009, 2013 and 2017. Using the said images supervised classification was done in ArcMap 10.3 version to identify the changes in glaciers. The area was categorized into six major classes' i.e. Fresh snow, Glaciers, Debris, Vegetation, Water bodies and Open land. Classified results showed a decrease in the area of Glaciers, almost 3.5% from 1994 to 2017. GLIMS data about boundary of glaciers of 1999 and 2007 was compared with the classified results which show decrease in terminus of glaciers. Batura glacier has been receded almost 0.6km from 1999 to 2017, whereas Passu glaciers receded 0.3 km, whereas Gulmit and Ghulkin glaciers are more stable than Passu and Batura with the difference of -0.05 and +0.57km respectively. At the end results from classified maps were compared with the climatic data. Wherein temperature is rapidly increasing resulting in melting of glaciers and can cause shrinkage of fresh water as well as destruction to Karakoram highway in case of outburst floods.
Violence against children (VAC) is a serious problem with many millions of children being affected globally with serious health, social, and economic consequences. WHO has published an evidence-based framework (INSPIRE: Seven strategies to end Violence against Children), suggesting that prevention and effective response to VAC can be achieved through strategies directed at changing and modulating certain determinants. INSPIRE identifies 1) implementation of laws, 2) changing norms & values, 3) safe environments, 4) parent and caregiver support, 5) income and economic strengthening, 6) response and support services, and 7) education & life skills as areas where efforts can yield maximum impact. Our objective was to review the literature on available resources in the capital of Pakistan (Islamabad Capital City) to establish current state of affairs in terms of prevention and response to VAC. Resources for prevention and response to VAC according to the INSPIRE framework are discussed. We have found that laws are mostly ambiguous, implementation is rare; norms promote early and arranged marriages for girls, allow corporal punishment and child labor, shun all dialogue around sex and sexuality, and overtly prefer male offspring; many children live and work on the street; no large-scale programmes for parent and caregiver support to improve prevention and response to VAC were found; some income support programmes exist but they are unlikely to be organized or integrated with other services; some response and support services were found from both the public and private sectors, yet their effectiveness has not been established; life skill programmes are announced but even among the expensive private schools, only a few teach life skills. Although estimated to be high, there is no official data available on VAC, therefore the quantum of the problem cannot be ascertained. All relevant sectors will have to collaborate to bring about meaningful progress in child protection, prevention of VAC, and wellbeing of children. Preventive interventions and trauma-informed care by the health-sector are urgent needs. Formation of a central body for children’s affairs can ensure exclusive budget allocation to address child-specific issues, co-operation and collaboration from all concerned, and community and stakeholder participation. A comprehensive information system, effective large-scale interventions, and context-specific research are required to improve the state of available resources.
Standard operating procedures and safety protocols are needed in all activities in the nursery. The official standards can vary depending on the country and local regulations, but high standards should be maintained whatever requirements are officially needed. Identification and elimination of hazards and risks, followed by developing specific safety procedures, and procedures for preventing and responding to workplace accidents and injuries are important features in establishing an effective occupational health and safety programme. Guidelines in health and safety issues relating to nursery practices in oil palm are given below.
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