The voltage-gated K v 2.1 channel is composed of four identical subunits folded around the central pore and does not inactivate appreciably during short depolarizing pulses. To study voltageinduced relative molecular rearrangements of the channel, K v 2.1 subunits were genetically fused with enhanced cyan fluorescent protein and/or enhanced yellow fluorescent protein, expressed in COS1 cells, and investigated using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy combined with patch clamp. Fusion of fluorophores to either or both termini of the K v 2.1 monomer did not significantly affect the gating properties of the channel. FRET between the N-and C-terminal tags fused to the same or different K v 2.1 monomers decreased upon activation of the channel by depolarization from ؊80 to ؉60 mV, suggesting voltage-gated relative rearrangement between the termini. Because FRET between the K v 2.1 N-or C-terminal tags and the membrane-trapped EYFP N -PH pleckstrin homology domains did not change on depolarization, voltage-gated relative movements between the K v 2.1 termini occurred in a plane parallel to the plasma membrane, within a distance of 1-10 nm. FRET between the N-terminal tags did not change upon depolarization, indicating that the N termini do not rearrange relative to each other, but they could either move cooperatively with the K v 2.1 tetramer or not move at all. No FRET was detected between the C-terminal tags. Assuming their randomized orientation in the symmetrically arranged K v 2.1 subunits, C termini may move outwards in order to produce relative rearrangements between N and C termini upon depolarization.Voltage-activated K ϩ channels are a large and diverse family of homotetrameric membrane proteins that are similar in their ability to select for K ϩ over other ions but show differences in kinetics and voltage dependence of activation and inactivation (1). Each of the K v ␣ subunits is assembled into six transmembrane domains that encode determinants of voltage sensing and ion selectivity. The N and C termini are located in the cytoplasm and support a number of important interactions. The N-terminal tetramerization (T1) domain determines the specificity of assembly of K v ␣ subunits (2-6). The crystal structure of the T1 domain is known and forms a tetramer below the membrane like a "hanging gondola" (7), while the C-terminal domain surrounds this N-terminal structure (8). There are voltage-dependent interactions between the N terminus and the C terminus that are important determinants of channel activation and modulate the activation time course of K v ␣ channels (6, 9).There was remarkable progress in investigation of molecular rearrangements of the membrane-spanning core K v ␣ protein associated with voltage gating of K ϩ channels (10 -12). A recent model (13) provided insight into the folding of the N terminus fragment of K v 1.2 and suggested potentially important association between the gating and C terminus. However, the size and direction of rearrangements that may occur upon gating ...
Background: The muscles that sustain body posture and the neck posture both have an impact on the cervical muscle, which is also frequently injured. The upper trapezius muscle is most frequently affected by trigger points, which is a common and prevalent condition. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of ELDOA exercises at the cervical spine and treating trigger points in the trapezius and levator scapulae. Methodology: The Ibn-e-Siena Hospital and Research Institute in Multan conducted a quasi-study. The participants were divided into two groups using a coin flip as a sampling method with the study sample size of 26. The Goniometer, Numeric Pain Rating Scale and Neck Disability Index were used to collect data from patients between the ages of 18 and 40. Results: An independent t-test was applied. Mean age ranged from 24.70±5.75 in the experiment group and 25.18±5.61 in the control group. The patients have radiated pain in control group was 3 (30%), trapezius trigger point7(70%) andlevator scapulae 3(30%) while in experimental group, pain radiating 6(60%), trapezius trigger point6(60%) and levator scapulae 4(40%). The post-results data revealed that the p values for the NPRS, Algometry and NDI significant differences were 0.025, 0.025, and 0.00, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the current investigation, the ELDOA approach considerably reduced discomfort, cervical ranges, and neck impairment brought on by trigger points. Keyword: Neck pain, Trigger Point, Skeletal Muscle, Myofascial Pain, Active Soft Tissue Release,
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Post-burn contracture is the tightening of the skin after a second or third-degree burn with the formation of contracture. Post-burn contractures result in the limitation of movement around a burn area. Burns contractures, if left untreated, may cause limitations in the range of motion and daily living tasks. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of soft tissue mobilization versus static stretching in post-burn contractures at the elbow and wrist. METHODOLOGY: A pilot study was conducted, and 36 patients were enrolled. Patients with post-burn contracture were divided randomly into two groups. Allocation of patients in both groups was done by computerized generated list. The treatment frequency was 3 times a week. Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and Katz index ADLS scale were used for scoring. Paired t-test was applied to evaluate the data. RESULTS: The mean age in group A and B were 26.16±7.46 and 28.05±1.27, respectively. Mean score for pre-Katz Index of Group A and B (2.47±0.87, 2.16±0.98), post-Katz Index group A and B (3.29±1.68, 3.05±1.47) with a p-value 0.12 and 0.03 group A and B respectively. The mean score group A and B for pre-NPRS (7.61±1.37, 7.94±1.10), post-NPRS (2.27±1.01, 1.72±1.22) with a p-value<0.001 . CONCLUSION: It was concluded that static stretching is more effective than soft tissue mobilization.
Background: Prolonged forward neck posture is one of the common sources for neck pain among Dentists. Conventional physical therapy and Bowen technique are effective in treating the postural neck pain. Bowen technique is another form of soft tissue mobilization technique. Aim: To determine the effects of Bowen technique in postural neck pain among dentists. Methodology: A quasi study was conducted at Ibn e Siena Hospital Multan, 04 November 2020 to 03 April 2021. It consisted of 58 participants with postural neck pain, randomly allocated into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received Bowen technique and control group received conventional therapy. Assessments were taken at baseline and post treatment using study tools: Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), Neck disability index (NDI) and goniometer. Results: The mean age of all the participants in experimental and control groups were 36.86± 8.91, 41.44±8.75 respectively. Pre treatment values of NPRS mean rank for experimental and control groups were 28.64, 30.36 respectively. Post treatment NPRS mean rank for experimental and control groups were 26.02 and 32.98 respectively with non-significant p value. Pre treatment values for NDI mean rank experimental and control groups 29.84 29.16. Post treatment NDI mean rank for experimental and control groups were 28.52 30.48 respectively with non-significant p value. Conclusion: Bowen technique is equally effective as conventional therapy for improving postural neck pain. Keywords: Bowen technique (BT), Conventional therapy (CT), Dentists, Neck Pain, Posture.
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