The VULCAN ͓C. N. Danson et al., Opt. Commun. 103, 392 ͑1993͔͒ laser at the UK Central Laser Facility is being used for laboratory-based simulations of collisionless shocks. By ensuring that key dimensionless parameters in the experiments have values similar to those of supernova remnants ͑SNRs͒, the hydrodynamics and magnetic field of the experiment are scaled to those of a SNR. This makes it possible to investigate experimentally the physics of collisionless magnetized shocks in such objects. The experiments are providing data against which to test current theory. Collisionless shock formation and the interaction of two counterpropagating colliding plasmas permeated by a strong magnetic field are discussed.
Laser to x-ray conversion efficiencies from solid targets irradiated by KrF
laser pulses of wavelength 248 nm are measured. A 16-bit front illuminated
open electrode 1024×256 pixel x-ray CCD camera working in single
photon counting mode is used to record the x-ray output from Al, Cl, Ag, and
Ti emitting in the 1.5-4.5 keV photon energy range. X-ray conversion
efficiencies up to values of ~0.2{%} (2π sr)-1 are obtained with
pulses of duration 2 ps irradiating the targets at 12 Hz with peak
irradiance of 1.9×1016 W cm-2.
In this paper, plasma is generated from the nano and bulk copper targets by using Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, frequency of 6 Hz and pulse duration 9 ns at atmospheric pressure. The Boltzmann plot method was used to calculate the temperature of electrons and the Stark broadening method to calculate the density of electrons in a laser-generated plasma. It was observed that increased in the laser energy from 500 to 800 mJ leads to increased the temperature of electrons from 1.8 to 2.5eV and increased the electrons density from 3.65×1016 to 4.29×1016 cm−3 for nano copper plasma while increased the temperature of electrons from 1.2 to 2 eV and increased the electrons density from 2.28×1016 to 3.24×1016 cm−3 for the bulk copper plasma.
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