Real time monitoring of bacterial attachment to medical devices provides opportunities to detect early biofilm formation and instigate appropriate interventions before infection develops. This study utilises long period grating (LPG) optical fibre sensors, incorporated into the lumen of endotracheal tubes (ETTs), to monitor in real time, Pseudomonas aeruginosa surface colonisation and biofilm formation. The wavelength shift of LPG attenuation bands was monitored for 24 h and compared with biofilm biomass, quantified using confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging. Biofilm formation was compared on uncoated ETTs and optical fibres, and on a biofilm resistant acrylate polymer, after challenge in an artificial sputum or minimal growth medium (RPMI-1640). The LPG sensor was able to detect a biofilm biomass as low as 81 µg cm −2 , by comparison with the confocal image quantification. An empirical exponential function was found to link the optical attenuation wavelength shift with the inverse of the biofilm biomass, allowing quantification of biofouling from the spectral response. Quantification from the sensor allows infection interception and early device removal, to reduce, for example, the risk of ventilator associated pneumonia. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See Fig. 3 Assessment of biofilm resistant polymer in situ. (a) A patient intubated with an EGDPEA:DEGMA coated ETT. (b) Bacterial attachment and biofilm formation on an uncoated ETT surface. (c) The polymer coating reduces bacterial attachment to an ETT surface.
Background: Edible plants belonging to the Zingiberaceae family display various antioxidative properties and widely used as folklore medicines. Three edible plants in Zingiberaceae family; namely Boesenbergia rotunda, Phaeomeria imperialis and Zingiber officinale were selected for secondary metabolites extraction using methanol. All crude extracts were investigated to evaluate their phenolics and flavonoids contents and further compare their antioxidant properties. Methods: Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu method and Aluminium Complexation Reaction respectively. Conventional DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), revolutionary CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) in vitro assays were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of methanolic plant extracts for the first time. Results: DPPH and CUPRAC antioxidant assays resulted in similar trend to total flavonoid content in the order Z. officinale >P. imperialis>B. rotunda where as P. imperialis revealed highest phenols content and displayed highest CAA. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of Z. officinale showed highest free radical scavenging ability and hence flavonoids present may potentially act as natural source of antioxidant.
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