Drought stress has severely hampered maize production, affecting the livelihood and economics of millions of people worldwide. In the future, as a result of climate change, unpredictable weather events will become more frequent hence the implementation of adaptive strategies will be inevitable. Through utilizing different genetic and breeding approaches, efforts are in progress to develop the drought tolerance in maize. The recent approaches of genomics-assisted breeding, transcriptomics, proteomics, transgenics, and genome editing have fast-tracked enhancement for drought stress tolerance under laboratory and field conditions. Drought stress tolerance in maize could be considerably improved by combining omics technologies with novel breeding methods and high-throughput phenotyping (HTP). This review focuses on maize responses against drought, as well as novel breeding and system biology approaches applied to better understand drought tolerance mechanisms and the development of drought-tolerant maize cultivars. Researchers must disentangle the molecular and physiological bases of drought tolerance features in order to increase maize yield. Therefore, the integrated investments in field-based HTP, system biology, and sophisticated breeding methodologies are expected to help increase and stabilize maize production in the face of climate change.
Introduction Trauma is steadily increasing in the modern world and thus becoming a major public problem. Maxillofacial injuries constitute a substantial proportion of cases of trauma and occur in a variety of situations like road traffic accidents, interpersonal violence, falls or as a result of contact sports. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of titanium mesh for osteosynthesis of maxillofacial fractures. Materials and Methods Fifteen patients of maxillofacial fractures who were treated with titanium mesh were included in this prospective study. The patients were evaluated preoperatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively at 7th day, 3rd week, 6th week and 12th week. ResultsThe mean age of fifteen patients was 31.3 years with a male:female ratio of 14:1. The most common mode of injury was road traffic accident (86.6%). The mean time interval between injury and surgical procedure was found to be 7.6 days. The majority of fracture sites (88%) were comminuted. 93.3% of the patients achieved good occlusion by 12th week postoperatively. Postoperative complications included residual hypoaesthesia in four patients and wound dehiscence in one patient. Conclusion We conclude that titanium mesh is a versatile option for maxillofacial fractures. It provided good stabilization especially in comminuted fractures. As a fixation method, it was quick in placement and highly adaptable, and thus, it proved to be valuable in restoring the form and function in maxillofacial trauma patients.
The assessment of genetic diversity in the germplasm is an essential pre requisite for a breeding programme. In the present study genetic diversity was analysed in a set of 94 genotypes evaluated for various yield attributes under high temperature stress using 48 SSR primers. A total of 129 alleles were detected by 48 primers among 94 rice genotypes with an average of 2.7 alleles per primer. The number of alleles generated by each marker varied from 1 to 4. The Polymorphism Information Content values ranged from 0.19 to 0.60 with an average of 0.41. Twenty six SSR primers revealed PIC values higher than the average. The genetic dissimilarity index ranged from 0.04 to 0.92. The dendrogram generated using DAR with indicated that the 94 genotypes were clustered into three distinct clusters with two sub clusters in each cluster. The selected genotypes will be useful in the on-going breeding programme and will help in broadening the genetic base of the breeding material
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important staple crop after rice and wheat with enormous diversity and adaptation ability. Hybrid breeding is the most important approach for developing high yielding cultivars in maize. It relies upon the generation of pure inbred lines with desirable traits in quick span to achieve higher genetic gains. Rapidly rising global population and climate change necessitates the development of innovative technologies that can help to safeguard the food security in future. Doubled Haploid (DH) technology is the best approach for rapid development of new inbred lines and has contributed immensely in the rapid generation of inbred lines and hybrid development. In addition, the use of molecular markers with DH technology resulted into mapping of genomic regions for different traits. The recent development in identification of alternative markers for haploid selection and genome editing approaches will further strengthen the DH technology for commercial maize breeding. This review describes important landmarks of maize DH technology, its applications, and recent advances in utilization of emerging technologies, viz. CRIPSR-cas and genomics approaches for DH technology
Maize grains are consumed majorly in the form of unleavened flat bread (chapatti) in the South East Asian region. The landraces are better accepted for their chapatti-making attributes such as grain color and good organoleptic properties. However, these cultivars are low in essential amino acids, particularly lysine and tryptophan content. Hence, an investigation was performed to identify maize genotypes with high nutritional value coupled with good chapatti-making qualities. Seven genotypes, comprising two Quality Protein Maize (QPM) hybrids, two normal maize hybrids, and three normal white maize landraces were assessed for their physical characteristics, proximate composition, and chapatti-making quality. Landrace 593 showed the highest protein and ash content. Flours obtained from different genotypes were significantly different (p ≤ 0.001) in terms of protein content, color value, textural, as well as mineral content. PMH 10 and IQMH 203 exhibited the highest and lowest hydration index, respectively. Two QPM hybrids showed significantly higher lysine and tryptophan content as compared to other genotypes. QPM hybrids were identified as the promising material with improved nutritional quality with respect to chapatti making. In combination with mustard greens, maize chapatti constitutes an important traditional delicacy in north India. The enhanced nutritional quality of QPM chapattis is an added advantage. We show the differentiation of chapattis made from QPM and normal maize using a rapid protocol developed previously. This is expected to enable the development and quality control of commercial enterprises based on high protein quality QPM.
Background:Minor oral surgical procedures are the most commonly performed procedures by oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Performance of painless surgical procedure is highly appreciated by the patients and is possible through the use of local anesthesia, conscious sedation or general anesthesia. Postoperative pain can also be controlled by the use of opioids, as opioid receptors exist in the peripheral nervous system and offers the possibility of providing postoperative analgesia in the surgical patient. The present study compares the efficacy of 0.5% bupivacaine versus 0.5% bupivacaine with 0.3 mg buprenorphine in minor oral surgical procedures.Patients and Methods:The present study was conducted in 50 patients who required minor oral surgical procedures under local anesthesia. Two types of local anesthetic solutions were used- 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:200000 epinephrine in group I and a mixture of 39 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine 1:200000 and 1 ml of 300 μg buprenorphine (3 μg/kg)in group II. Intraoperative and postoperative evaluation was carried out for both the anesthetic solutions.Results:The mean duration of postoperative analgesia in bupivacaine group (508.92 ± 63.30 minutes) was quite less than the buprenorphine combination group (1840.84 ± 819.51 minutes). The mean dose of postoperative analgesic medication in bupivacaine group (1.64 ± 0.99 tablets) was higher than buprenorphine combination group (0.80 ± 1.08 tablets). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the onset of action of the anesthetic effect and duration of anesthesia.Conclusion:Buprenorphine can be used in combination with bupivacaine for patients undergoing minor oral surgical procedures to provide postoperative analgesia for a longer duration.
Genotype (G) × environment (E) interaction is very important for the evaluation of cultivars in breeding programmes. Present study was conducted to assess the effect of environment and yield stability of 68 quality protein maize (QPM) hybrids at three test environments [Begusarai (E1), Udaipur (E2) and Karim Nagar (E3)] in randomized block design (RBD). Data was analysed using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype main effects and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot methods. The variation in genotypes, environments and genotype × environment interactions (G×E) was highly significant. Maximum variation was explained by G×E interactions (53.84%) and least by differences in environmental conditions (2.36%). Genotype × environment interaction was main source of variation followed by genotypes and environments. Together the two AMMI principal coordinates axes (PCA) explained 100% of phenotypic variation. AMMI Stability value (ASV) was calculated using ASV scores. Among these QPM hybrids, G59 was found to be the most stable with ASV of 0.174. The GGE biplot explained 77.41% of the total variation relative to G and GEI. Superior cross combinations for specific locations were also identified, viz. DQL2053 ×CML161, DQL2028 × CML161, DQL2047 × CML165, DQL2037 × CML161, DQL2042 × CLQRCY40, DQL2032 × CML165, DQL2047 × CML165 and DQL2072 ×CLQRCY40 in E1, DQL2063 × CML161, DQL2057 × CML161, DQL2053 × CML165, DQL2080 × CLQRCY40 and DQL2065 × CLQRCY40 in E2 and DQL2063 × CML161, DQL2039 × CML165, DQL2140 × CML161, DQL2082 × CLQRCY40 and DQL2024 × CML165 in E3.
Background: Radiation therapy (RT) is standard in the treatment of most women with breast cancer (BC), though efficacy of RT remains inadequate for women with locally advanced BC. Thus, more effective radiosensitization strategies are needed. We performed a radiosensitizer screen paired with transcriptomic and proteomic data to identify potential mediators of RT resistance and identify novel therapeutic targets. Methods: Microarray and RPPA data were used for gene/protein expression and pathway analysis. Clonogenic survival assays were performed to assess radiosensitization and calculate relative enhancement ratios (rERs) with MDM2 inhibitors navtemadlin (AMG-232) and alrizomadlin (APG-115) in p53 wild-type (WT) and mutant (MT) models of estrogen receptor positive (p53 WT: MCF-7, p53 MT: T47D) and triple-negative BC (p53 WT: CAL-51, p53 MT: MDA-MB-231). AlamarBlue was used to determine IC50 concentrations of MDM2 inhibitors. Clonogenic and IC50 experiments performed in parallel with p53 CRISPR knockout models of p53 WT cell lines. DNA damage response was assessed with γ-H2AX Immunofluorescence microscopy. Flow Cytometry with Annexin V staining was used to evaluate apoptosis and Propidium Iodide staining for cell cycle progression. Light microscopy with β-gal staining was used to evaluate senescence. In vivo efficacy of combination therapy was evaluated with CAL-51 and CAL-51 p53 CRISPR xenograft models. Results: An MDM2 inhibitor (JNJ-26854165) was nominated as an effective drug in treatment for RT-resistant BC cell lines (R2 = 0.43, p value <0.01) in our novel radiosensitizer screen. Differential gene expression and pathway analysis in non-overlapping p53 WT BC cell lines treated +/-RT identified apoptosis, cell cycle, and p53 signaling as the top pathways induced in p53 WT cell lines by RT. MDM2 was significantly overexpressed after RT compared to no RT in p53 WT cells. Cell growth was decreased by MDM2 inhibition with navtemadlin and alrizomadlin in p53 WT cells (IC50s: 264-592nM) and not in p53 MT cells (IC50s >10μm). MDM2 inhibition radiosensitized p53 WT cells (rERs: 1.81-2.85) but not p53 MT cells (rERs: 1.00-1.03). This phenotype was reversed in p53 CRISPR knockout cells (rERs: 1.06-1.12). MDM2 inhibition in combination with RT demonstrated delayed DNA damage repair compared to RT alone. p53 WT cells demonstrated increased G1 cell cycle arrest with RT and combination therapy. Combination MDM2 inhibition and RT resulted in increased apoptosis and senescence in p53 WT cell lines. In vivo xenograft studies are ongoing. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the combination of RT and MDM2 inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy in patients with p53-wild type breast cancer, regardless of hormone receptor status. Citation Format: Charles A. Nino, Cassandra L. Ritter, Andrea M. Pesch, Anna R. Michmerhuizen, Benjamin C. Chandler, Yashmeet Kaur, Maria Fields, Lynn Lerner, Lori J. Pierce, Corey W. Speers. MDM2 inhibition as a non-hormone dependent radiosensitizing strategy in p53 wild-type breast cancer models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 215.
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