Integrated approaches that expedite the production and
processing of graphene into useful structures and devices, particularly
through simple and environmentally friendly strategies, are highly
desirable in the efforts to implement this two-dimensional material
in state-of-the-art electrochemical energy storage technologies. Here,
we introduce natural nucleotides (e.g., adenosine monophosphate) as
bifunctional agents for the electrochemical exfoliation and dispersion
of graphene nanosheets in water. Acting both as exfoliating electrolytes
and colloidal stabilizers, these biomolecules facilitated access to
aqueous graphene bio-inks that could be readily processed into aerogels
and inkjet-printed interdigitated patterns. Na-O2 batteries
assembled with the graphene-derived aerogels as the cathode and a
glyme-based electrolyte exhibited a full discharge capacity of ∼3.8
mAh cm–2 at a current density of 0.2 mA cm–2. Moreover, shallow cycling experiments (0.5 mAh cm–2) boasted a capacity retention of 94% after 50 cycles, which outperformed
the cycle life of prior graphene-based cathodes for this type of battery.
The positive effect of the nucleotide-adsorbed nanosheets on the battery
performance is discussed and related to the presence of the phosphate
group in these biomolecules. Microsupercapacitors made from the interdigitated
graphene patterns as the electrodes also displayed a competitive performance,
affording areal and volumetric energy densities of 0.03 μWh
cm–2 and 1.2 mWh cm–3 at power
densities of 0.003 mW cm–2 and 0.1 W cm–3, respectively. Taken together, by offering a green and straightforward
route to different types of functional graphene-based materials, the
present results are expected to ease the development of novel energy
storage technologies that exploit the attractions of graphene.
Printed
networks of insulating two-dimensional (2D) materials are promising for dielectric
applications in printed electronic devices. However, this work has
not really progressed beyond networks of boron nitride (BN) nanosheets
displaying dielectric constants of <6. Here we use liquid-phase
exfoliation to demonstrate the production of nanosheets from the high-permittivity,
layered material bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl). We first demonstrate
liquid exfoliation of BiOCl nanosheets followed by the characterization
of the resultant suspensions. We then use aerosol jet printing to
print capacitors from patterned heterostacks, consisting of BiOCl
nanosheet networks sandwiched between networks of liquid-exfoliated
graphene nanosheets. We characterize these capacitors as a function
of network thickness, finding a high-network dielectric constant of
>40 but a relatively low dielectric strength of 0.67 MV/cm. We
also
observe an unexpected series capacitance, which we attribute to an
internal capacitance associated with inter-nanosheet junctions within
the graphene electrodes.
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