In order to study the Turkey–Armenia relations in past and present times and their processes, the current paper, taking into account geopolitical views, tries to analyze the political and economic consequences of normalization of Turkey–Armenia relationships. With respect to the outcome of this research, it seems, expansion of such ties would benefit Ankara, only if the national interests of other regional states are taken into account. In other words, ignoring the interests of other regional states in the course of normalization of Turkey–Armenia relations would damage the Turkish interests and its relations with Azerbaijan and Georgia. From the point of views of influential regional powers, too, the possible consequences of expansion of Turkey–Armenia ties would accompany particular complexities. With the expansion of such ties, we may see a kind of balance of influence between profit seeking powers in the region.
Helmand is the most important river in Afghanistan and an indispensable water resource for southeastern Iran. Recent water depletions in the river, however, have caused environmental issues in the region with further repercussions on long-term hydro-political debates between the countries of Iran and Afghanistan. The primary reasons underlying depletions in the river's water levels remain, however, unclear, and are the main objective of this study.Therefore, this study proposes a hydro-political analysis of the Hemland Basin by analyzing precipitation through Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) data, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) land data for groundwater analysis, and Landsat 5 and 8 Images from 1991 to 2020 to classify vegetation and waterbodies using a Support Vector Machine classifier and identify the prime cause of downstream water depletions. Despite severe droughts, the preliminary findings indicated increases in rainfall, groundwater sources, water bodies, and vegetation in the river upstream, which conveys the inconsequential share of droughts to the overall water shortage as opposed to human interventions and water usage which have also shown to increase in the river upstream. Further findings suggest that the severe downstream water depletions are primarily on account of upstream water consumptions that have triggered environmental degradations and are a threat to human habitations.
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