The objective of this study was to manufacture low‐fat Feta cheese (LFC) using different types of starter cultures, such as yogurt (Y) cultures (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus), bifidobacterium (B) cultures (Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum), and mixed of them (Y + B) at different rates (0.4, 0.5, and 0.6%). The Y + B cultures improved the flavor and body and texture of LFC, especially at a ratio of 0.4 + 0.6% and 0.5 + 0.5%, which is similar to the typical full‐fat Feta cheese. Also, the LFC maintained a higher number of probiotics and lactic acid bacteria after 30 d of storage at a range of 5 to 7 log cfu/g.

Dairy products contain high level of minerals and organic materials. The disposal of these materials is a source of environmental pollution and recourses loss. Recycling of expired dairy products is the ideal practical solution for an integrated ecosystem. Thus, a greenhouse trails were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of natural fertilizer extracted from expired dairy products. Expired dairy products powder (EDPP) was applied to wheat (Triticum aestivum vulgar) plants grown on pots filled with a sandy soil. The experiment contained three treatments: (C) control without any fertilization, (IF) inorganic fertilization (a mixture of inorganic fertilizers at a rate of 500 mg N + 150 mg P + 100 mg K /pot) and (EDPP) at a rate of 1% (10 g/pot). EDDP increased the degree of soil aggregation and water holding capacity by 24 and 38% in comparison to inorganic fertilization. The measured soil quality characteristics were improved as a result of the EDDP addition and this led to a remarkable improvement in wheat growth. EDPP elevated all the recoded growth parameters of wheat and increased the total chlorophyll by 22% in comparison to the IF treatment. The application of EDPP significantly raised N, P and K uptake by 45, 73 and 95% compared to IF. EDPP minimized the pH of the soil by 10% and raised the availability of N, P and K by 54, 67 and 14 in comparison to the IF treatment. EDPP fertilizer caused a remarkable increase in wheat growth and improved soil properties. Based on the obtained results, the expired dairy products powder can be used as an organic fertilizer.

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Many dairy products are discarded and useless after end of shelf-life, which causes economic and environmental challenges. The objective of this study was to study the compositional characteristics of some dairy products before and after shelf-life, and develop a process to utilize those dairy products after end of shelf-life in non dairy applications (cosmetic cream and soap). Several dairy products, such as sterilized milk, yogurt, soft cheese, hard cheese, cream, and butter were collected from markets in Egypt before shelf-life and after three months of shelf-life. Electrophoresis analysis was conducted to estimate the changes in the protein fractions of protein products (sterilized milk, yogurt, and cheese) before and after expiration. Also, gas chromatography (GS) was performed to compare the fatty acids of fat products (cream and butter) before and after end of shelf-life. Sterilized milk, yogurt, soft, and hard cheese were turned into powder (Expired dairy products powder; EDPP) to be used as a raw material in manufacturing of cosmetic creams. The fat was separated from cream, butter, and hard cheese (Expired dairy products fat; EDPF) to be utilized in making soap. The formulated cosmetic creams were examined in vitro. Functional properties of cream were determined, such as appearance, spreadability, irritancy, and pH. Additionally, the soap quality was tested after manufacture. We found that dairy products, such as milk, yogurt, and cheese after shelf-life can be utilized as raw materials for the production of cosmetic creams, as well as production of soap from butter and cream. The produced products were similar to those in commercial markets. This study is an endeavor to conquer the dairy industry challenges, which are considered a huge loss from the economic and environmental aspects.

The objective of this study was to improve the characteristics of low‐fat ice cream (LFIC) using date fiber powder (DFP). DFP was added to LFIC mix (3% fat, 14% milk solids nonfat, 15% sucrose, 0.3% stabilizer, and 0.1% vanilla) at a rate of 1.5%, 2.5%, and 3.5%. Control treatment with no DFP was also manufactured for comparison. The LFIC mix was analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological analyses. After manufacture, microbiological, rheological, and sensory characteristics of LFIC were evaluated during storage at −18˚C for 30 days. The addition of DFP to the LFIC mix led to increasing ( p < .05) the density and weight per gallon (lb) of final product. Thus, a 3.5% of DFP led to increasing the density of LFIC from 0.6 to 1.0 g/cm 3 and weight per gallon from 5.2 to 9.0 lb, while the overrun of LFIC was decreased ( p < .05) from 50.0% to 24.0%. Additionally, the melting resistance of LFIC made with DFP was higher ( p < .05) as compared to control. Approximately 60% of LFIC made with DFP was melted after 50 min compared to 100% in control. The total bacterial count (TBC) and yeast and molds' count slightly increased in LFIC with adding DFP. However, there was a slight decrease in these counts during storage for 30 days. Psychrotrophic and coliform bacteria were not detected in the LFIC. Organoleptically, LFIC made with DFP showed higher scores ( p < .05) of body and texture, melting quality, and appearance as compared to control during the 30 days of storage. However, the flavor was slightly decreased ( p < .05) as the concentration of DFP was increased. The overall scores were increased with increasing the DFP concentrations up to 15 days as compared to control, followed by a decrease at 30 days of storage.