With increasing automation capabilities and a push towards full automation in vehicles, mode awareness, i.e., the driver's awareness of the vehicle's current automation mode, becomes an important factor. While issues surrounding mode awareness are known, research concerning and design towards mode awareness appears to not yet be a focal point in the automated driving domain. In this paper, we provide a state-of-the art on mode awareness from the related domains of automated driving, aviation, and Human-Robot Interaction. We present a summary of existing mode awareness interface solutions as well as existing techniques and recognized gaps concerning mode awareness. We found that existing interfaces are often simple, sometimes outdated, yet are difficult to meaningfully expand without overloading the user. We also found predictive approaches as a promising strategy to lessen the need for mode awareness via separate indicators.
CCS CONCEPTS• Human-centered computing → HCI theory, concepts and models; Interactive systems and tools.
With continually advancing automation capabilities in vehicles, there is increasing potential for these capabilities to be used not only as stopgaps towards full automation but to enhance humans' manual driving capabilities during this transition phase and beyond. By employing smart automation assistance (e.g., highlighting of relevant roadside information, maneuver interventions and corrections), it might even be possible to enable automation assisted Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s).
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