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Drug abuse considered a serious source of economic and social problems. The sensing of drugs of abuse is of demanding in
forensic and clinical toxicology. There are many various methods for determination these materials using chromatographic and mass
spectrometric techniques. Most of these techniques needs high-cost equipment, time consuming and suffer hard sample preparations.
However, electrochemical methods are easy, simple and no need for complicated sample preparations cause to more interests of their
use for determinations of toxics and pharmaceuticals. On the other hand, use of nanomaterials in electrochemistry found wide attentions to improve selectivity, sensitivity and limit of detections of various compounds such as pharmaceuticals, biologicals and environmental. Nanomaterials draw interests due to their low cost and unique size-dependent properties. The settling of nanomaterials into
different matrices to prepare nanocomposite films founds wide interest. The unique properties of nanomaterials like mechanical, electrical, optical, catalytic and magnetic properties in addition of their significant high surface area per mass make them popular. Besides
the novel properties, nanomaterials demonstrate new approaches to fabricate low cost electrodes by minimizing the materials needed
and waste. The presence of nanotechnology beside modern electrochemical techniques helps to emerge of powerful, reliable electrical
devices for sensing that shows benefits like increasing mass transport rate, high surface area and good control over electrode microenvironment. The aim of this review is to give an outline for the electrochemical determination based on nanomaterials of the commonly
occurring illicit drugs in a various matrices such as urine, blood and saliva, which are important for determining of drugs of abuse.
Solubility determination of poorly water-soluble drugs is pivotal for formulation scientists when they want to develop a liquid formulation. Performing such a test with different ratios of cosolvents with water is time-consuming and costly. The scarcity of solubility data for poorly water-soluble drugs increases the importance of developing correlation and prediction equations for these mixtures. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to determine the solubility of acetylsalicylic acid in binary mixtures of ethanol+water at 25 and 37°C. Acetylsalicylic acid is non-stable in aqueous solutions and readily hydrolyze to salicylic acid. So, the solubility of acetylsalicylic acid is measured in ethanolic mixtures by HPLC to follow the concentration of produced salicylic acid as well. Moreover, the solubility of acetylsalicylic acid is modeled using different cosolvency equations. The measured solubility data were also predicted using PC-SAFT EOS model. DSC results ruled out any changes in the polymorphic form of acetylsalicylic acid after the solubility test, whereas XRPD results showed some changes in crystallinity of the precipitated acetylsalicylic acid after the solubility test. Fitting the solubility data to the different cosolvency models showed that the mean relative deviation percentage for the Jouyban-Acree model was less than 10.0% showing that this equation is able to obtain accurate solubility data for acetylsalicylic acid in mixtures of ethanol and water. Also, the predicted data with an average mean relative deviation percentage (MRD%) of less than 29.65% show the capability of the PC-SAFT model for predicting solubility data. A brief comparison of the solubilities of structurally related solutes to acetylsalicylic acid was also provided.
In the current study, bismuth ferrite nano-sorbent was synthesized and utilized as a sorbent for the dispersive solid-phase extraction of methylprednisolone from exhaled breath samples.
Carbon-based quantum dots, including carbon and graphene dots, with exceptional optical, electrical, and chemical properties, have widely attracted interests in various applications such as drug delivery and gene transfer, biological imaging, sensing, food safety, photodynamic/photothermal therapy, and energy applications. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensors based on carbon and graphene dots have demonstrated promising potential and quick progress recently and have also found fantastic achievements. Deep insight into the applications of carbon and graphene dots in ECL sensing platforms will benefit the design of advanced sensors in the future. In this chapter, a general description of the basic ECL mechanisms, a brief description of carbon and graphene dots synthesis and characterization, and application of them in ECL sensing of various targets like metal ions, proteins, DNA, small molecules, and cells are discussed.
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