Ferroptosis
is characterized by the massive lipid peroxidation,
and recently has been demonstrated to be closely associated with lipid
droplets (LDs). However, the changes of LDs viscosity during ferroptosis
are still unrevealed. Herein, we present the changes of the LDs viscosity
during ferroptosis by a novel viscosity-sensitive near-infrared (NIR)
fluorescent probe (BDHT). Probe BDHT (2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-7-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)hepta-2,4,6-trienenitrile,
C22H19N3S) showed highly sensitive
and selective response to viscosity, mainly distributed in cellular
LDs. By means of the real-time and in situ NIR imaging,
we discovered that the LDs viscosity showed an obvious increase in
HeLa cells during the erastin-induced ferroptosis process, while it
displayed nearly no change when the cells were simultaneously treated
with ferrostatin-1, which is a common inhibitor of ferroptosis. It
is also confirmed that the LDs viscosity increased in several types
of the cancer cells of erastin-induced and RSL3-induced ferroptosis.
We expect that this new NIR probe could provide an effective approach
to rapidly monitor ferroptosis, and these findings could greatly promote
the in-depth understanding of the biological effects of LDs during
ferroptosis.
Background
Cotton is an important cash crop. The fiber length has always been a hot spot, but multi-factor control of fiber quality makes it complex to understand its genetic basis. Previous reports suggested that OsGASR9 promotes germination, width, and thickness by GAs in rice, while the overexpression of AtGASA10 leads to reduced silique length, which is likely to reduce cell wall expansion. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the function of GhGASA10 in cotton fibers development.
Results
To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying fiber elongation regulation concerning GhGASA10–1, we revealed an evolutionary basis, gene structure, and expression. Our results emphasized the conservative nature of GASA family with its origin in lower fern plants S. moellendorffii. GhGASA10–1 was localized in the cell membrane, which may synthesize and transport secreted proteins to the cell wall. Besides, GhGASA10–1 promoted seedling germination and root extension in transgenic Arabidopsis, indicating that GhGASA10–1 promotes cell elongation. Interestingly, GhGASA10–1 was upregulated by IAA at fiber elongation stages.
Conclusion
We propose that GhGASA10–1 may promote fiber elongation by regulating the synthesis of cellulose induced by IAA, to lay the foundation for future research on the regulation networks of GASA10–1 in cotton fiber development.
Dithiothreitol (DTT) is a robust reducing agent that contributes significantly to the re-folding process of protein and maintain the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Abnormal collection of DTT could take into...
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