Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arbovirus that is endemic to tropical forests in Central and South America, particularly within the Amazon basin. In recent years, concern has increased regarding MAYV’s ability to invade urban areas and cause epidemics across the region. We conducted a systematic literature review to characterise the evolutionary history of MAYV, its transmission potential, and exposure patterns to the virus. We analysed data from the literature on MAYV infection to produce estimates of key epidemiological parameters, including the generation time and the basic reproduction number, R0. We also estimated the force-of-infection (FOI) in epidemic and endemic settings. Seventy-six publications met our inclusion criteria. Evidence of MAYV infection in humans, animals, or vectors was reported in 14 Latin American countries. Nine countries reported evidence of acute infection in humans confirmed by viral isolation or reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). We identified at least five MAYV outbreaks. Seroprevalence from population based cross-sectional studies ranged from 21% to 72%. The estimated mean generation time of MAYV was 15.2 days (95% CrI: 11.7–19.8) with a standard deviation of 6.3 days (95% CrI: 4.2–9.5). The per-capita risk of MAYV infection (FOI) ranged between 0.01 and 0.05 per year. The mean R0 estimates ranged between 2.1 and 2.9 in the Amazon basin areas and between 1.1 and 1.3 in the regions outside of the Amazon basin. Although MAYV has been identified in urban vectors, there is not yet evidence of sustained urban transmission. MAYV’s enzootic cycle could become established in forested areas within cities similar to yellow fever virus.
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arbovirus that is endemic to tropical forests in Central and South America, particularly within the Amazon basin. In recent years, concern has increased regarding MAYV’s ability to invade urban areas and cause epidemics across the region. We conducted a systematic literature review to characterise the evolutionary history of MAYV, its transmission potential, and exposure patterns to the virus. We analysed data from the literature on MAYV infection to produce estimates of key epidemiological parameters, including the generation time and the basic reproduction number, R0. We also estimated the force-of-infection (FOI) in epidemic and endemic settings. Seventy-six publications met our inclusion criteria. Evidence of MAYV infection in humans, animals, or vectors was reported in 14 Latin American countries. Nine countries reported evidence of acute infection in humans confirmed by viral isolation or reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). We identified at least five MAYV outbreaks. Seroprevalence from population based cross-sectional studies ranged from 21% to 72%. The estimated mean generation time of MAYV was 15.2 days (95% CrI: 11.7-19.8) with a standard deviation of 6.3 days (95% CrI: 4.2-9.5). The per-capita risk of MAYV infection (FOI) ranged between 0.01 and 0.05 per year, producing R0 estimates between 1.1 and 2.9 in endemic settings. In an outbreak in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, R0 was estimated at 2.2 (95% CrI: 0.8-4.8). Although MAYV has been identified in urban vectors, there is not yet evidence of sustained urban transmission. MAYV’s enzootic cycle could become established in forested areas within cities similar to yellow fever virus.Author summaryEach year, diseases that are transmitted by mosquitoes cause substantial deaths and disability across the world. We performed a systematic literature review of Mayaro virus (MAYV) and estimated key epidemiological parameters that can be used to improve future outbreak response. We estimated the generation time and basic reproduction number for a historical outbreak. Our results suggest that the force-of-infection of MAYV in endemic settings is low. We did not find evidence of substantial urban transmission of MAYV. Nevertheless, similarities between MAYV and yellow fever virus epidemiology suggest that MAYV could emerge in urban areas. Local transmission of MAYV has never been reported outside of Central and South America. Our results highlight the need to continue monitoring emerging arboviruses in the Americas.
The coronavirus pandemic is a major public health crisis affecting global health systems with dire socioeconomic consequences, especially in vulnerable regions such as Latin America (LATAM). There is an urgent need for a vaccine to help control contagion, reduce mortality and alleviate social costs. In this study, we propose a rational multi-epitope candidate vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Using bioinformatics, we constructed a library of potential vaccine peptides, based on the affinity of the most common major human histocompatibility complex (HLA) I and II molecules in the LATAM population to predict immunological complexes among antigenic, non-toxic and non-allergenic peptides extracted from the conserved regions of 92 proteomes. Although HLA-C, had the greatest antigenic peptide capacity from SARS-CoV-2, HLA-B and HLA-A, could be more relevant based on COVID-19 risk of infection in LATAM countries. We also used three-dimensional structures of SARS-CoV-2 proteins to identify potential regions for antibody production. The best HLA-I and II predictions (with increased coverage in common alleles and regions evoking B lymphocyte responses) were grouped into an optimized final multi-epitope construct containing the adjuvants Beta defensin-3, TpD, and PADRE, which are recognized for invoking a safe and specific immune response. Finally, we used Molecular Dynamics to identify the multi-epitope construct which may be a stable target for TLR-4/MD-2. This would prove to be safe and provide the physicochemical requirements for conducting experimental tests around the world.
The mean for the intrinsic incubation period should be 3.0 (95% CrI: 2.4-4.1) days not 3.0 (95% CrI: 2.2-3.8) days. The standard deviation for the intrinsic incubation period should be 0.3 (95% CrI: 0.0-2.1) days not 1.2 (95% CrI: 1.0-1.7) days. Please see the correct Table 3 below.There is an error on page 6 of S1 Text. The text says, "We estimated a mean incubation period μ IP of 3.0 (95% CrI: 2.2-3.8) days and a standard deviation σ IP of 1.2 (95% CrI: 1.0-1.7) days." It should say, "We estimated a mean incubation period μ IP of 3.0 (95% CrI: 2.4-4.1) days and a standard deviation σ IP of 0.3 (95% CrI: 0.0-2.1) days." Please view the correct S1 Text below.
RESUMENLa infección por VIH confiere al portador la susceptibilidad para desarrollar un conjunto de infecciones que normalmente no serían encontradas en un paciente inmunocompetente. En Colombia, en el año 2015, se reportaron 11.606 casos de infección por VIH. En este escrito documentamos el caso de un paciente con diagnóstico de infección por VIH, el cual desarrolló lesiones típicas de infección por el virus Varicela Zoster, y se documentó la evolución de las lesiones vesiculares hacia flictenas con necrosis local. Dada la presentación del caso, el diagnóstico de lesiones en piel en pacientes inmunocomprometidos o con infección por VIH se convierte en un reto para el profesional de la salud a la hora de establecer un diagnóstico etiológico, a fin de establecer un adecuado tratamiento de acuerdo a este.Palabras clave: VIH; sarcoma de kaposi; herpes zóster; enfermedades cutáneas infecciosas (Fuente: DeCS BIREME). Differential diagnosis of infectious skin lesions in an HIV-positive patient: a case report ABSTRACTHIV infection makes HIV carriers susceptible to develop a group of infections that would not normally be found in an immunocompetent patient. In Colombia, a total of 11,606 cases of HIV infection were reported in 2015. This paper documents the case of a patient diagnosed with HIV infection, who developed lesions typically caused by the varicellazoster virus. These vesicular lesions evolved into phlyctenas with local necrosis. Given the case presentation, the diagnosis of skin lesions in immunocompromised or HIV-infected patients becomes a challenge for health professionals when determining an etiological diagnosis, in order to establish an appropriate treatment.
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