The optimization of facility-based systems is considered. First, the congestion game is converted into a matrix form, so that the matrix approach is applicable. Then, a facilitybased system with a system performance criterion is considered. A necessary and sufficient condition is given to assure that the system is convertible into a congestion game with the given system performance criterion as its potential function by designing proper facility-cost functions. Using this technology, for a dynamic facility-based system the global optimization may be reached when each agent optimizes its payoff functions. Finally, the approach is extended to those systems which are partly or nearly convertible.

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Bone tissues are dynamically reconstructed during the entire life cycle phase, which is an exquisitely regulated process controlled by intracellular and intercellular signals transmitted through physicochemical and biochemical stimulation. Recently, the role of electrical activity in promoting bone regeneration has attracted great attention, making the design, fabrication, and selection of bioelectric bio-reactive materials a focus. Under specific conditions, piezoelectric, photoelectric, magnetoelectric, acoustoelectric, and thermoelectric materials can generate bioelectric signals similar to those of natural tissues and stimulate osteogenesis-related signaling pathways to enhance the regeneration of bone defects, which can be used for designing novel smart biological materials for engineering tissue regeneration. However, literature summarizing studies relevant to bioelectric materials for bone regeneration is rare to our knowledge. Consequently, this review is mainly focused on the biological mechanism of electrical stimulation in the regeneration of bone defects, the current state and future prospects of piezoelectric materials, and other bioelectric active materials suitable for bone tissue engineering in recent studies, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for novel clinical treatment strategies for bone defects.

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This paper investigates robust controllability and observability of Boolean control networks under disturbances. Firstly, under unobservable disturbances, some sufficient conditions are obtained for robust controllability of BCNs. Then an algorithm is proposed to construct the least control sequences which drive the trajectory from a state to a given reachable state. If the disturbances are observable, by defining the order-preserving system, an efficient sufficient condition is obtained for robust controllability of BCNs. Finally, the robust observability problem is converted into an equivalent robust controllability via set controllability and is solved by using the results obtained for set controllability. Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the obtained results.