Approximately 30% of epilepsy cases are refractory to current pharmacological treatments. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches that prevent or reverse the molecular and cellular mechanisms of epilepsy are required. 5-HT6 receptor (HTR6) blockade can modulate multiple neurotransmitter systems, and HTR6 may be a potential therapeutic treatment for neurological diseases, including epilepsy. Here, we investigated the role of HTR6 in epilepsy. We detected HTR6 expression both in human epileptic tissues and the pilocarpine rat model by western blotting. We observed behavioral changes after administration of pilocarpine in rats pretreated with a selective HTR6 antagonist, SB-399885, and recorded the electrophysiological index in the pilocarpine rat model pre- or posttreated with SB-399885 by electroencephalogram (EEG) and whole-cell clamp. We measured the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the pilocarpine rat model pretreated with the mTOR-specific inhibitor, rapamycin, and SB-399885 using western blotting. We found that HTR6 expression was upregulated in both human tissues and the pilocarpine rat model, and that SB-399885 could suppress epileptic seizures and mTOR activity in epileptic seizures. These results suggest that HTR6 plays an important role in modulating seizure activity and that the blockade of the HTR6/mTOR pathway could be a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy treatment.
Type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) promotes glutamate release by inhibition of adenosine signaling. However, whether ENT1 plays a role in epileptic seizure that involves elevated glutamatergic neurotransmission is unknown. Here, we report that both seizure rats and patients show increased expression of ENT1. Intrahippocampal injection of a specific inhibitor of ENT1, nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI), attenuates seizure severity and prolongs onset latency. In order to examine whether NBTI would be effective as antiepileptic after peripheral application, we injected NBTI intraperitoneally, and the results were similar to those obtained after intrahippocampal injection. NBTI administration leads to suppressed neuronal firing in seizure rats. In addition, increased mEPSC in seizure are inhibited by NBTI. Finally, NBTI results in deactivation of phosphorylated cAMP-response element-binding protein in the seizure rats. These results indicate that ENT1 plays an important role in the development of seizure. Inhibition of ENT1 might provide a novel therapeutic approach toward the control of epileptic seizure.
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease and has gradually become a public health problem worldwide. DKD is increasingly recognized as a comprehensive inflammatory disease that is largely regulated by T cells. Given the pivotal role of T cells and T cells-producing cytokines in DKD, we summarized recent advances concerning T cells in the progression of type 2 diabetic nephropathy and provided a novel perspective of immune-related factors in diabetes. Specific emphasis is placed on the classification of T cells, process of T cell recruitment, function of T cells in the development of diabetic kidney damage, and potential treatments and therapeutic strategies involving T cells.
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