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Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation represents a promising approach for artificial photosynthesis. However, the sluggish half-reaction of water oxidation significantly limits the efficiency of H2O2 generation. Here, a benzylamine oxidation with more favorable thermodynamics is employed as the half-reaction to couple with H2O2 generation in water by using defective zirconium trisulfide (ZrS3) nanobelts as a photocatalyst. The ZrS3 nanobelts with disulfide (S22−) and sulfide anion (S2−) vacancies exhibit an excellent photocatalytic performance for H2O2 generation and simultaneous oxidation of benzylamine to benzonitrile with a high selectivity of >99%. More importantly, the S22− and S2− vacancies can be separately introduced into ZrS3 nanobelts in a controlled manner. The S22− vacancies are further revealed to facilitate the separation of photogenerated charge carriers. The S2− vacancies can significantly improve the electron conduction, hole extraction, and kinetics of benzylamine oxidation. As a result, the use of defective ZrS3 nanobelts yields a high production rate of 78.1 ± 1.5 and 32.0 ± 1.2 μmol h−1 for H2O2 and benzonitrile, respectively, under a simulated sunlight irradiation.

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Highlight:l Medium-and high-temperature latent and thermochemical heat storage are reviewed.l Metals and metallic compounds as heat storage media are discussed.l Technical issues in latent and thermochemical heat storage are presented.l Heat transfer enhancement from three levels in latent heat storage is highlighted.l Continuous thermochemical heat storage is suitable for seasonal heat storage.