Bimetallic Cu/Ni/olivine catalysts with various Cu/Ni mass ratios were prepared for steam reforming of toluene as model tar compound. The effects of the Cu/Ni ratio, the reaction temperature, and the steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) on the steam reforming of toluene were investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. Among the catalysts, olivine coated with 3 wt % CuO and 12 wt % NiO (Cu3/Ni12/O) achieved higher catalytic performance and structural stability due to the synergistic effect of Ni and Cu. The appropriate S/C and a higher temperature were beneficial to steam reforming of toluene. The catalytic performance was not only affected by the amount but also by the types of carbon deposition. Compared with the amorphous carbon, the larger amount of graphitic carbon formed on the catalyst surface was more likely to lead to a decreased catalytic performance.
We report the experimental observation of the intensity noise correlation and squeezing between counter propagating Stokes and anti-Stokes signals in Pr(3+):Y2SiO5 crystals. Both the degree of correlation and squeezing as well as the oscillation frequency of correlation curves are modulated by changing the polarization states and powers of the dressing fields. The double-dressed effect and the triple-dressed effect in V-type three-level, Λ-type three-level and N-type four-level systems are compared. The polarization and power dependencies in these systems are different, and the oscillation frequency of the correlation curve in the triple-dressed process is greater than that of the double-dressed process. Our results show that the correlation and squeezing of photon pairs can be controlled via polarized dark states.
In order to investigate the effect of fiber reinforced light-weight aggregate concrete on flexural tension properties, five groups of steel fiber reinforced light-weight aggregate concrete (SFLWAC) specimens with different steel fiber volumes including 0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%,2.5% and another five groups of plastics-steel fiber reinforced light-weight aggregate concrete (PSFLWAC) specimens with different plastics-steel fiber volumes including 0.5%,0.7%,0.9%,1.1%,1.3% were tested. The test results show that fiber can greatly improve ductility, and there are good interfacial bonding properties between fiber and light-weight aggregate concrete. The test results also show that it is not obvious to the upgrade of the flexural strength of light-weight aggregate concrete of LC30 with plastics-steel fiber. But the addition of steel fiber can gradually improve the breaking strength owing to the increase of steel fiber volumes.
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